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MIF was determined by ELISA in the sera of 76 patients with pSS. Further relevant cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1) secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined by ELISPOT assay. Lymphocytes and monocytes were examined flow-cytometrically for the expression of activation markers. Results were correlated with clinical and laboratory findings as well as with the HLA-DR genotype. Healthy age- and sex-matched volunteers served as controls. We found that MIF was increased in patients with pSS compared with healthy controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). In particular, increased levels of MIF were associated with hypergammaglobulinemia. Further, we found a negative correlation of MIF levels with the number of IL-10-secreting PBMC in pSS patients (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -0.389, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Our data indicate that MIF might participate in the pathogenesis of primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. MIF may contribute to B-cell hyperactivity indicated by hypergammaglobulinemia. The inverse relationship of IL-10 and MIF suggests that IL-10 works as an antagonist of MIF in pSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,30]],"date-time":"2007-04-30T15:57:38Z","timestamp":1177948658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Increased serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Willeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Gaubitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Schotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Maaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Domschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Schl\u00fcter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidemarie","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2033_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-89-6-888","volume":"89","author":"SS Kassan","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kassan SS, Thomas TL, Moutsopoulos HM, Hoover R, Kimberly RP, Budman DR, Costa J, Decker JL, Chused TM: Increased risk of lymphoma in sicca syndrome. 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