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Using the murine air pouch model of inflammation, we investigated the efficacy and mode of action of an extract from these three plants in crystal-induced inflammation. Air pouches were raised on the backs of 8-week-old BALB\/c mice. Mice were fed 100 mg\/kg body weight of root extracts (<jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>senticosus<\/jats:italic>:<jats:italic>A. sinensis<\/jats:italic>:<jats:italic>S. baicalensis<\/jats:italic> mixed in a ratio of 5:4:1 by weight) or vehicle only on days 3\u20136. Inflammation was elicited on day 6 by injecting 2 mg of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals into the pouch. Neutrophil density and IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 mRNA levels were determined in the pouch membrane, and the leukocyte count and IL-6, prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and prostaglandin D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) levels were determined in the pouch exudate. Treatment with the root extracts led to a reduction in all inflammatory parameters: the leukocyte count in the pouch exudate decreased by 82%; the neutrophil density in the pouch membrane decreased by 68%; IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 mRNA levels in the pouch membrane decreased by 100%; the IL-6 concentration in the pouch fluid decreased by 50%; and the PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentration in the pouch fluid decreased by 69%. Remarkably, the concentration of the potentially anti-inflammatory PGD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> rose 5.2-fold in the pouch exudate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.005), which led to a normalization of the PGD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>:PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ratio. A 3.7-fold rise in hematopoietic PGD synthase (h-PGDS) mRNA paralleled this rise in PGD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Thus, the root extracts diminished MSU crystal-induced inflammation by reducing neutrophil recruitment and expression of pro-inflammatory factors and increasing the level of the potentially anti-inflammatory PGD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. These results support a need for further studies of the efficacy of these extracts in the treatment of inflammatory arthropathies and suggest elevation of PGD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels as a novel mechanism for an anti-inflammatory agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,5]],"date-time":"2007-07-05T18:13:14Z","timestamp":1183659194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Reduction of urate crystal-induced inflammation by root extracts from traditional oriental medicinal plants: elevation of prostaglandin D2levels"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sung Mun","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H Ralph","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hocheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seoung Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Pessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2073_CR1","first-page":"61","volume":"2","author":"R Collisson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Collisson R: Siberian ginseng. 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