{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:05:37Z","timestamp":1791324337317,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,27]],"date-time":"2009-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,27]],"date-time":"2009-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Asporin, also known as periodontal ligament-associated protein 1 (PLAP1), is a member of the family of small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. It is present within the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), and is reported to have a genetic association with osteoarthritis. Its D14 allele has recently been found to be associated with lumbar disc degeneration in Asian subjects. There have been no studies, however, of this gene's normal immunohistochemical localization within the human intervertebral disc, or of expression levels in Caucasian individuals with disc degeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Studies were approved by our human subjects Institutional Review Board. Methods included immunohistochemical localization of asporin in the disc of humans and the sand rat (a small rodent with spontaneous age-related disc degeneration), and Affymetrix microarray analysis of asporin gene expression\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunohistochemical studies of human discs revealed that some, but not all, cells of the outer annulus expressed asporin. Fewer cells in the inner annulus contained asporin, and it was rarely present in cells in the nucleus pulposus. Similar patterns were found for the presence of asporin in lumbar discs of sand rats. Substantial relative gene expression levels were seen for asporin in both disc tissue and in annulus cells grown in three-dimensional culture. More degenerate human discs (Thompson grade 4) showed higher expression levels of asporin than did less degenerate (grade 1, 2 and 3) discs,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the discs of Caucasian subjects studied here, and in the sand rat, greater immunolocalization levels were found in the outer compared to inner annulus. Localization was rare in the nucleus. Gene expression studies showed greatest expression of asporin in the more degenerate human discs\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T11:09:06Z","timestamp":1238411346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Asporin, a susceptibility gene in osteoarthritis, is expressed at higher levels in the more degenerate human intervertebral disc"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Helen E","family":"Gruber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen L","family":"Hoelscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zinchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Edward N","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12201","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010932200","volume":"276","author":"P Lorenzo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lorenzo P, Aspberg A, \u00d6nnerfjord P, Bayliss MT, Neame PJ, Heineg\u00e5rd D: Identification and characterization of asporin. A novel member of the leucine-rich repeat protein family closely related to decorin and biglycan. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 12201-12211. 10.1074\/jbc.M010932200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2501_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12212","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011290200","volume":"276","author":"SP Henry","year":"2001","unstructured":"Henry SP, Takanosu M, Boyd TC, Mayne PM, Eberspaecher H, Zhou W, DeCrombrugghe B, Hook M, Mayne R: Expression pattern and gene characterization of asporin. A newly discovered member of the leucine-rich repeat protein family. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 12212-12221. 10.1074\/jbc.M011290200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2501_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000176687.85198.49","volume":"17","author":"J Loughlin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Loughlin J: Polymorphism in signal transduction is a major route through which osteoarthritis susceptibility is acting. 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