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Extracellular HMGB1 may act as a pro-inflammatory cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis. We have recently reported that HMGB1 is released by osteoarthritic synoviocytes after activation with interleukin-1beta (IL-1\u03b2) The present study investigated the role of HMGB1 in synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>HMGB1 was determined in human synovium using immunohistochemistry, comparing normal to OA. OA synoviocytes were incubated with HMGB1 at 15 or 25 ng\/ml in the absence or presence of IL-1\u03b2 (10 ng\/ml). Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR and protein expression by Western Blot and ELISA. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity was studied by fluorometric procedures and nuclear factor (NF)-\u03baB activation by transient transfection with a NF-\u03baB-luciferase plasmid.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>In the normal synovium, HMGB1 was found in the synovial lining cells, sublining cells, and in the vascular wall cells. The distribution of HMGB1 in OA synovium was similar but the number of HMGB1 positive cells was higher and HMGB1 was also present in infiltrated cells. In normal synovial membrane cells, HMGB1 was found mostly in the nuclei, whereas in OA, HMGB1 was generally found mostly in the cytoplasm. In OA synoviocytes, HMGB1 alone at concentrations of 15 or 25 ng\/ml did not affect the production of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL20, MMP-1 or MMP-3, but in the presence of IL-1\u03b2, a significant potentiation of protein and mRNA expression, as well as MMP activity was observed. HMGB1 also enhanced the phosphorylated ERK1\/2 and p38 levels, with a lower effect on phosphorylated Akt. In contrast, JNK1\/2 phosphorylation was not affected. In addition, HMGB1 at 25 ng\/ml significantly potentiated NF-\u03baB activation in the presence of IL-1\u03b2.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Our results indicate that HMGB1 is overexpressed in OA synovium and mostly present in extracellular form. In OA synoviocytes, HMGB1 cooperates with IL-1\u03b2 to amplify the inflammatory response leading to the production of a number of cytokines, chemokines and MMPs. Our data support a pro-inflammatory role for this protein contributing to synovitis and articular destruction in OA.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,21]],"date-time":"2010-09-21T06:14:23Z","timestamp":1285049663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["High mobility group box 1 potentiates the pro-inflammatory effects of interleukin-1\u03b2 in osteoarthritic synoviocytes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Arnandis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Gomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanne","family":"Martel-Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Alcaraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2440","volume":"10","author":"DS Pisetsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pisetsky DS, Erlandsson-Harris H, Andersson U: High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1): an alarmin mediating the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease. 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