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Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> with MSU crystals, and gene expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> osteoclastogenesis was performed using PBMCs and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results\n<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells and mast cells infiltrated tophus tissues. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)+ osteoclasts were present around tophi and in osteolytic lesions. Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were produced from infiltrated mononuclear cells, whereas receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand (RANKL) was strongly expressed in T cells. However, osteoprotegerin (OPG) was not or was weakly expressed in tophus tissues. MSU crystals induced the expressions of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and RANKL in PBMCs, but inhibited OPG expression. In addition, the pro-resorptive cytokines were highly expressed in SFMCs of gouty arthritis patients. Furthermore, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> osteoclastogenesis was enhanced in SFMC cultures, but inhibited in T cell-depleted SFMC cultures.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions\n<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Our study demonstrates that RANKL-expressing T cells and TRAP+ osteoclasts are present within gouty tophus tissues, and that infiltrating cells express pro-resorptive cytokines. Furthermore, our data show that MSU crystals have the potential to induce pro-resorptive cytokines, and T cells are involved in osteoclastogenesis in chronic gout.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]],"date-time":"2011-10-13T06:17:09Z","timestamp":1318486629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Bone destruction by receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand-expressing T cells in chronic gouty arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sung-Ji","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Il","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Mi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Nan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Jong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Jung","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keun-Bae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nacksung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Wook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3240_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richette P, Bardin T: Gout. 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