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We focused on B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and IL-6 because they are both produced by monocytes and are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of pSS.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods\n<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Peripheral monocytes were prepared from both pSS patients and normal individuals. The cells were stimulated <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> with IFN-\u03b3, and the amounts of IL-6 and soluble BAFF (sBAFF) produced by the cells were quantitated. The effect of sBAFF itself on the production of IL-6 was also studied. To investigate the response of pSS monocytes to these stimuli, the expression levels of the genes encoding BAFF receptors and IL-6-regulating transcription factors were quantitated.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results\n<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Peripheral pSS monocytes produced significantly higher amounts of sBAFF and IL-6 than normal monocytes did, even in the absence of stimulation. The production of these cytokines was significantly increased upon stimulation with IFN-\u03b3. The elevated production of IL-6 was significantly suppressed by an anti-BAFF antibody. In addition, stimulation of pSS monocytes with sBAFF induced a significant increase in IL-6 production. Moreover, the expression levels of a BAFF receptor and transcription factors regulating IL-6 were significantly elevated in pSS monocytes compared to normal monocytes.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions\n<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The results of the present study suggest that the mechanisms underlying the production of sBAFF and IL-6 are impaired in pSS monocytes. Our research implies that this impairment is due to abnormally overexpressed IL-6-regulating transcription factors and a BAFF receptor. These abnormalities may cause the development of pSS.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]],"date-time":"2011-12-03T03:05:13Z","timestamp":1322881513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Regulatory mechanisms for the production of BAFF and IL-6 are impaired in monocytes of patients of primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Keiko","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Setoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideto","family":"Kameda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuya","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensei","family":"Tsuzaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Tsubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohru","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"3249_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00102-2","volume":"3","author":"Y Masaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Masaki Y, Sugai S: Lymphoproliferative disorders in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. 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