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The main <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> polarized macrophage subsets are classically (M1) and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages, the latter comprising interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 polarized cells. Here, we aimed to evaluate the polarization status of synovial macrophages in spondyloarthritis (SpA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Expression of polarization markers on synovial macrophages, peripheral blood monocytes, and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> polarized monocyte-derived macrophages from SpA versus RA patients was assessed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, respectively. The polarization status of the intimal lining layer and the synovial sublining macrophages was assessed by double immunofluorescence staining.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The expression of the IL-10 polarization marker cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163) was increased in SpA compared with RA intimal lining layer, but no differences were found in other M1 and M2 markers between the diseases. Furthermore, no significant phenotypic differences in monocytes and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> polarized monocyte-derived macrophages were seen between SpA, RA, and healthy controls, indicating that the differential CD163 expression does not reflect a preferential M2 polarization in SpA. More detailed analysis of intimal lining layer macrophages revealed a strong co-expression of the IL-10 polarization markers CD163 and cluster of differentiation 32 (CD32) but not any of the other markers in both SpA and RA. In contrast, synovial sublining macrophages had a more heterogeneous phenotype, with a majority of cells co-expressing M1 and M2 markers.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The intimal lining layer but not synovial sublining macrophages display an IL-10 polarized-like phenotype, with increased CD163 expression in SpA versus RA synovitis. These differences in the distribution of the polarized macrophage subset may contribute to the outcome of chronic synovitis.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]],"date-time":"2012-04-11T16:14:53Z","timestamp":1334160893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Intimal lining layer macrophages but not synovial sublining macrophages display an IL-10 polarized-like phenotype in chronic synovitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carmen A","family":"Ambarus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Noordenbos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria JH","family":"de Hair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul P","family":"Tak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique LP","family":"Baeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3547_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.4.303","volume":"62","author":"MD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith MD, Barg E, Weedon H, Papengelis V, Smeets T, Tak PP, Kraan M, Coleman M, Ahern MJ: Microarchitecture and protective mechanisms in synovial tissue from clinically and arthroscopically normal knee joints. 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