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We recently showed that <jats:italic>S. aureu<\/jats:italic>s infection also induces a significant systemic bone loss in mice. This study was performed to assess the effect of estradiol treatment on the clinical course and outcome of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> arthritis and on infection-induced bone loss in experimental <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Mice were ovariectomized, treated with estradiol or placebo, and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infection was established by intravenous inoculation of bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Estradiol treatment was found to decrease significantly the frequency and clinical severity of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> arthritis, a finding that was accompanied with significantly higher serum levels of interleukin-10 in estradiol-treated mice. Estradiol was also highly protective against <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>-induced systemic trabecular, and cortical bone loss. Lack of endogenous estrogens and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infection had additive effects on trabecular bone loss. The <jats:italic>S. aureus-<\/jats:italic>infected, ovariectomized mice lost as much as 76% of their trabecular bone mass.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Treatment with estradiol ameliorates <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> arthritis and is protective against infection-induced systemic bone loss in experimental <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,16]],"date-time":"2012-04-16T16:15:04Z","timestamp":1334592904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estradiol ameliorates arthritis and protects against systemic bone loss in Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Inger","family":"Gjertsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie K","family":"Lagerquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Kristiansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Carlsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3549_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1086\/520743","volume":"28","author":"BA Lipsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lipsky BA, Weigelt JA, Gupta V, Killian A, Peng MM: Skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections in hospitalized patients: epidemiology and microbiological, clinical, and economic outcomes. 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