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Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from BD patients with active uveitis were co-cultured with anti-cluster of differentiation 3\/cluster of differentiation 28 (CD3\/CD28) antibodies in the presence of infliximab. For the induction of Th17 cells, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from BD patients were co-cultured with anti-CD3\/CD28, anti-interferon-gamma (anti-IFN-\u03b3), anti<jats:italic>-<\/jats:italic>interleukin<jats:italic>-<\/jats:italic>4 (anti-IL-4), and recombinant proteins such as interleukin<jats:italic>-<\/jats:italic>1 beta (IL-1\u03b2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and TNF-\u03b1. The BD T cells were co-cultured with infliximab, and the production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) was evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, and the expression of retinoid-acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (ROR\u03b3t) was also evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, intraocular cells collected from mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) were used for the assay with anti-TNF-\u03b1 blocking antibody.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Ocular fluids from active uveitis patients who have BD contained significant amounts of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-17, while ocular fluids from infliximab patients did not contain any inflammatory cytokines. Activated CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from BD patients produced large amounts of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-17, whereas T cells in the presence of infliximab failed to produce these cytokines. Polarized Th17 cell lines from BD patients produced large amounts of IL-17, and Th17 cells exposed to infliximab had significantly reduced IL-17 production. Polarized BD Th17 cells expressed large amounts of transcription factor ROR\u03b3t. In contrast, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>-treated infliximab Th17 cells expressed less ROR\u03b3t. Moreover, intraocular T cells from EAU mice had a high population of IL-17<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells, and retinal antigen-specific T cells from EAU mice produced large amounts of IL-17 in the presence of retinal peptide. However, the EAU T cells produced less IL-17 if the T cells were treated with anti-TNF-\u03b1 antibody.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>These results indicate that anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy suppresses effector T-cell differentiation in BD patients with uveitis. Thus, suppression of effector T-cell differentiation by anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy may provide protection from severe ocular inflammation in BD.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T04:21:22Z","timestamp":1335846082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Inhibition of Th17 differentiation by anti-TNF-alpha therapy in uveitis patients with Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sunao","family":"Sugita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Kawazoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayano","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Horie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3586_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-0005-8","volume":"243","author":"M Takeuchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takeuchi M, Hokama H, Tsukahara R, Kezuka T, Goto H, Sakai J, Usui M: Risk and prognostic factors of poor visual outcome in Behcet's disease with ocular involvement. 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