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As cytokines are primarily involved in the regulation of defense against potentially pathogenic microorganisms, the aim of this study was to compare healthy individuals and GPA patients with respect to their baseline cytokine expression of nasal epithelial cells (NEC), which form the first barrier against such triggers. The ability of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> to influence the nasal microenvironment's cytokine secretion was assessed by exemplary stimulation experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Baseline expression of 19 cytokines of primary NEC of GPA patients and normal controls (NC) was quantified by a multiplex cytokine assay. Stimulation experiments were performed with supernatants of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and expression of interleukin-8 was determined by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>In GPA, an altered pattern of baseline cytokine expression with significantly up-regulated G-CSF and reduced interleukin (IL)-8 concentrations was observed. Both NEC of GPA patients and NC responded to stimulation with <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, but GPA patients displayed a significantly lower IL-8 secretion and a diminished dynamic range of response towards the stimulus.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The data presented underline the hypothesis of a disturbed epithelial nasal barrier function in GPA. The dysregulated baseline expression of G-CSF and IL-8 and the reduced response to microbial stimulation may facilitate changes in the composition of the nasal flora and favour an imbalanced inflammatory response, which might be relevant for the disease course.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T14:15:20Z","timestamp":1349187320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Aberrant cytokine pattern of the nasal mucosa in granulomatosis with polyangiitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Wohlers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Breucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Podschun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Hedderich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lamprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Ambrosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Laudien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"3823_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048338","volume":"352","author":"PA Bacon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bacon PA: The spectrum of Wegener's granulomatosis and disease relapse. 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