{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:15:25Z","timestamp":1791288925235,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Prior studies have demonstrated an increased frequency of antibodies to <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>), a leading agent of periodontal disease, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. However, these patients generally had long-standing disease, and clinical associations with these antibodies were inconsistent. Our goal was to examine <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> antibody responses and their clinical associations in patients with early RA prior to and after disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Serum samples from 50 DMARD-na\u00efve RA patients were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with whole-<jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> sonicate. For comparison, serum samples were tested from patients with late RA, patients with other connective tissue diseases (CTDs), age-similar healthy hospital personnel and blood bank donors. <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> antibody responses in early RA patients were correlated with standard RA biomarkers, measures of disease activity and function.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>At the time of enrollment, 17 (34%) of the 50 patients with early RA had positive immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses to <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>, as did 13 (30%) of the 43 patients with late RA. RA patients had significantly higher <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> antibody responses than healthy hospital personnel and blood bank donors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). Additionally, RA patients tended to have higher <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> antibody reactivity than patients with other CTDs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.1), and CTD patients tended to have higher <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> responses than healthy participants (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.07). Compared with <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> antibody-negative patients, early RA patients with positive <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> responses more often had anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody reactivity, their anti-CCP levels were significantly higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) and the levels of anti-<jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> antibodies correlated directly with anti-CCP levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, at the time of study entry, the <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>-positive antibody group had greater rheumatoid factor values (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) and higher inflammatory markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or ESR) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.05), and they tended to have higher disease activity scores (Disease Activity Score based on 28-joint count (DAS28)-ESR and Clinical Disease Activity Index) and more functional impairment (Health Assessment Questionnaire). In <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>-positive patients, greater disease activity was still apparent after 12 months of DMARD therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>A subset of early RA patients had positive <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> antibody responses. The responses correlated with anti-CCP antibody reactivity and to a lesser degree with ESR values. There was a trend toward greater disease activity in <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>-positive patients, and this trend remained after 12 months of DMARD therapy. These findings are consistent with a role for <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic> in disease pathogenesis in a subset of RA patients.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T18:35:54Z","timestamp":1378751754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Clinical correlations with Porphyromonas gingivalis antibody responses in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sheila L","family":"Arvikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah S","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Unizony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihisa","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemen","family":"Strle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen C","family":"Steere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3999_CR1","first-page":"70","volume":"35","author":"P de Pablo","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Pablo P, Dietrich T, McAlindon TE: Association of periodontal disease and tooth loss with rheumatoid arthritis in the US population. 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