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This positively selected program for short-lived infectious diseases is similarly applied during chronic inflammatory diseases. This review presents the interaction of hormones and inflammation by focusing on energy storage\/expenditure and volume regulation. Energy storage hormones are represented by insulin (glucose\/lipid storage and growth-related processes), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (muscle and bone growth), androgens (muscle and bone growth), vitamin D (bone growth), and osteocalcin (bone growth, support of insulin, and testosterone). Energy expenditure hormones are represented by cortisol (breakdown of liver glycogen\/adipose tissue triglycerides\/muscle protein, and gluconeogenesis; water retention), noradrenaline\/adrenaline (breakdown of liver glycogen\/adipose tissue triglycerides, and gluconeogenesis; water retention), growth hormone (glucogenic, lipolytic; has also growth-related aspects; water retention), thyroid gland hormones (increase metabolic effects of adrenaline\/noradrenaline), and angiotensin II (induce insulin resistance and retain water). In chronic inflammatory diseases, a preponderance of energy expenditure pathways is switched on, leading to typical hormonal changes such as insulin\/IGF-1 resistance, hypoandrogenemia, hypovitaminosis D, mild hypercortisolemia, and increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Though necessary during acute inflammation in the context of systemic infection or trauma, these long-standing changes contribute to increased mortality in chronic inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T12:08:08Z","timestamp":1392293288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rainer H","family":"Straub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4117_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-1-64","volume":"17","author":"HO Besedovsky","year":"1996","unstructured":"Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A: Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions. 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