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There were 36 patients with RA, 41 with SpA [24 psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and 17 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)]. All patients had a complete physical and neurological examination. Brain and cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurophysiological tests were performed in all patients before the initiation of anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy and after a mean of 18\u00a0months or when clinical symptoms and signs indicated a neurological disease. Exclusion criteria included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart arrhythmias, atherothrombotic events, vitamin B12 and iron deficiency, head and neck trauma and neurological surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Two patients did not receive anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy because brain MRIs at baseline revealed lesions compatible with demyelinating diseases. Thus, 75 patients received anti-TNF\u03b1 (38 infliximab, 19 adalimumab and 18 etanercept). Three patients developed neurological adverse events. A 35-year-old man with PsA after 8\u00a0months of infliximab therapy presented with paresis of the left facial nerve and brain MRI showed demyelinating lesions. Infliximab was discontinued and he was treated with pulses of corticosteroids recovering completely after two months. The second patient was a 45-year-old woman with RA who after 6\u00a0months of adalimumab therapy presented with optic neuritis. The third patient was a 50-year-old woman with AS, whom after 25\u00a0months of infliximab therapy, presented with tingling and numbness of the lower extremities and neurophysiological tests revealed peripheral neuropathy. In both patients anti-TNF were discontinued and they improved without treatment after 2\u00a0months. The rest of our patients showed no symptoms and MRIs showed no abnormalities. The estimated rate of neurological adverse events in patients treated with anti-TNF therapy is 4% (3\/75).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Neurological adverse events after anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy were observed in our patient. Brain MRI and neurophysiological tests are essential tools to discriminate neurological diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]],"date-time":"2014-06-17T12:48:38Z","timestamp":1403009318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Neurological adverse events in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy: a prospective imaging and electrophysiological study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Evripidis","family":"Kaltsonoudis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia K","family":"Zikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi V","family":"Voulgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Konitsiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria I","family":"Argyropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros A","family":"Drosos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"4230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.08.012","volume":"126","author":"J Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin J, Ziring D, Desai S, Kim S, Wong M, Korin Y, Braun J, Reed E, Gjertson D, Singh RR: TNFalpha blockade in human diseases: an overview of efficacy and safety. 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