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In this study, we evaluated if polymorphisms in DNA repair genes <jats:italic>XRCC1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Arg280His<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Arg399Gln<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>XPD<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Lys751Gln<\/jats:italic>) modify individual breast cancer risk, with emphasis on tobacco smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The study population consisted of 483 incident breast cancer cases and 482 population controls of Finnish Caucasian origin. The genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP-based methods. Odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>No statistically significant overall effect in the breast cancer risk was seen for any of the studied polymorphisms. However, a significant increase in breast cancer risk was seen among ever smoking women if they carried at least one <jats:italic>XRCC1-399 Gln<\/jats:italic> allele (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.30\u20134.19, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub> 0.025) or <jats:italic>XPD-751 Gln\/Gln<\/jats:italic> genotype (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.27\u20135.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub> 0.011) compared to smoking women not carrying these genotypes. The risks were found to be confined to women smoking at least five pack-years; the respective ORs were 4.14 (95% CI 1.66\u201310.3) and 4.41 (95% CI 1.62\u201312.0). Moreover, a significant trend of increasing risk with increasing number of the putative at-risk genotypes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> for trend 0.042) was seen. Women with at least two at-risk genotypes had an OR of 1.54 (95% CI 1.00\u20132.41) compared to women with no at-risk genotypes. Even higher estimates were seen for ever actively smoking women with at least two at-risk genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Our results do not indicate a major role for <jats:italic>XRCC1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>XPD<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms in breast cancer susceptibility, but suggest that they may modify the risk especially among smoking women.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,11]],"date-time":"2005-10-11T18:14:25Z","timestamp":1129054465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["XRCC1 and XPDgenetic polymorphisms, smoking and breast cancer risk in a Finnish case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Metsola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vesa","family":"Kataja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Siivola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liisa","family":"Heikinheimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Eskelinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veli-Matti","family":"Kosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Uusitupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Hirvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1312_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(00)00254-0","volume":"2","author":"TJ Key","year":"2001","unstructured":"Key TJ, Verkasalo PK, Banks E: Epidemiology of breast cancer. 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