{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T19:00:54Z","timestamp":1779044454261,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,23]],"date-time":"2004-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1103760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,23]],"date-time":"2004-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1103760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Breast Cancer Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Few studies have examined the effect of breast implants after mastectomy on long-term survival in breast cancer patients, despite growing public health concern over potential long-term adverse health effects.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Breast Implant Surveillance Study conducted in San Francisco\u2013Oakland, in Seattle\u2013Puget Sound, and in Iowa. This population-based, retrospective cohort included women younger than 65 years when diagnosed with early or unstaged first primary breast cancer between 1983 and 1989, treated with mastectomy. The women were followed for a median of 12.4 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4968). Breast implant usage was validated by medical record review. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard rate ratios for survival time until death due to breast cancer or other causes for women with and without breast implants, adjusted for relevant patient and tumor characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Twenty percent of cases received postmastectomy breast implants, with silicone gel-filled implants comprising the most common type. Patients with implants were younger and more likely to have <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> disease than patients not receiving implants. Risks of breast cancer mortality (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.43\u20130.67) and nonbreast cancer mortality (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.41\u20130.85) were lower in patients with implants than in those patients without implants, following adjustment for age and year of diagnosis, race\/ethnicity, stage, tumor grade, histology, and radiation therapy. Implant type did not appear to influence long-term survival.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>In a large, population-representative sample, breast implants following mastectomy do not appear to confer any survival disadvantage following early-stage breast cancer in women younger than 65 years old.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,12]],"date-time":"2005-01-12T21:29:29Z","timestamp":1105565369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Breast implants following mastectomy in women with early-stage breast cancer: prevalence and impact on survival"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gem M","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia D","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sally L","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles F","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet L","family":"Stanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa HM","family":"Keegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dee W","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"973_CR1","unstructured":"Bondurant S, Ernster V, Herdman R, Eds: Safety of silicone breast implants (Report of the Committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine). Book Safety of Silicone Breast Implants (Report of the Committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine). 2000, Washington, DC: National Academy Press"},{"key":"973_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200205001-00008","volume":"13","author":"SL Brown","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brown SL: Epidemiology of silicone-gel breast implants. Epidemiology. 2002, 13: S34-S39. 10.1097\/00001648-200205001-00008.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"973_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-8-199604150-00008","volume":"124","author":"BG Silverman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Silverman BG, Brown SL, Bright RA, Kaczmarek RG, Arrowsmith-Lowe JB, Kessler DA: Reported complications of silicone gel breast implants: an epidemiologic review. Ann Intern Med. 1996, 124: 744-756.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003163421105","volume":"342","author":"EC Janowsky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Janowsky EC, Kupper LL, Hulka BS: Meta-analyses of the relation between silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue diseases. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342: 781-790. 10.1056\/NEJM200003163421105.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"973_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200107000-00012","volume":"108","author":"AP Polednak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Polednak AP: How frequent is postmastectomy breast reconstructive surgery? A study linking two statewide databases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001, 108: 73-77. 10.1097\/00006534-200107000-00012.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198509000-00014","volume":"76","author":"GS Georgiade","year":"1985","unstructured":"Georgiade GS, Riefkohl R, Cox E, McCarty KS, Seigler HF, Georgiade NG, Snowhite JC: Long-term clinical outcome of immediate reconstruction after mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985, 76: 415-420.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199407000-00011","volume":"94","author":"JY Petit","year":"1994","unstructured":"Petit JY, Le MG, Mouriesse H, Rietjens M, Gill P, Contesso G, Lehmann A: Can breast reconstruction with gel-filled silicone implants increase the risk of death and second primary cancer in patients treated by mastectomy for breast cancer?. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994, 94: 115-119.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200105000-00013","volume":"107","author":"E Vandeweyer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vandeweyer E, Hertens D, Nogaret JM, Deraemaecker R: Immediate breast reconstruction with saline-filled implants: no interference with the oncologic outcome?. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001, 107: 1409-1412. 10.1097\/00006534-200105000-00013.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9776(98)90047-9","volume":"7","author":"AJ Park","year":"1998","unstructured":"Park AJ, Chetty U, Watson ACH: Silicone breast implants and breast cancer. Breast. 1998, 7: 22-26. 10.1016\/S0960-9776(98)90047-9.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"973_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11160","volume":"97","author":"CD O'Malley","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Malley CD, Le GM, Glaser SL, Shema SJ, West DW: Socioeconomic status and breast carcinoma survival in four racial\/ethnic groups: a population-based study. Cancer. 2003, 97: 1303-1311. 10.1002\/cncr.11160.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"973_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000046249.33122.76","volume":"111","author":"DM Harcourt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Harcourt DM, Rumsey NJ, Ambler NR, Cawthorn SJ, Reid CD, Maddox PR, Kenealy JM, Rainsbury RM, Umpleby HC: The psychological effect of mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction: a prospective, multicenter study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003, 111: 1060-1068. 10.1097\/01.PRS.0000046249.33122.76.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199511000-00003","volume":"35","author":"PS Cederna","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cederna PS, Yates WR, Chang P, Cram AE, Ricciardelli EJ: Postmastectomy reconstruction: comparative analysis of the psychosocial, functional, and cosmetic effects of transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap versus breast implant reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 1995, 35: 458-468.","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"973_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200009020-00003","volume":"106","author":"AK Alderman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alderman AK, Wilkins EG, Lowery JC, Kim M, Davis JA: Determinants of patient satisfaction in postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000, 106: 769-776. 10.1097\/00006534-200009040-00003.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000070727.02992.54","volume":"112","author":"MY Nahabedian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nahabedian MY, Tsangaris T, Momen B, Manson PN: Infectious complications following breast reconstruction with expanders and implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003, 112: 467-476. 10.1097\/01.PRS.0000070727.02992.54.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361001","volume":"336","author":"SE Gabriel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gabriel SE, Woods JE, O'Fallon WM, Beard CM, Kurland LT, Melton LJ: Complications leading to surgery after breast implantation. N Engl J Med. 1997, 336: 677-682. 10.1056\/NEJM199703063361001.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"973_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200105000-00012","volume":"107","author":"SJ Hoshaw","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoshaw SJ, Klein PJ, Clark BD, Cook RR, Perkins LL: Breast implants and cancer: causation, delayed detection, and survival. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001, 107: 1393-1407. 10.1097\/00006534-200105000-00012.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14677-6","volume":"362","author":"A Ault","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ault A: Silicone breast implants may be close to US approval [news]. Lancet. 2003, 362: 1384-10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14677-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"973_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7421.947","volume":"327","author":"R Moynihan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moynihan R: Safety concerns about breast implants persist [news]. BMJ. 2003, 327: 947-10.1136\/bmj.327.7421.947.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"973_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s10434-001-0586-3","volume":"8","author":"KY Lin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lin KY, Johns FR, Gibson J, Long M, Drake DB, Moore MM: An outcome study of breast reconstruction: presurgical identification of risk factors for complications. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001, 8: 586-591. 10.1245\/aso.2001.8.7.586.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"973_CR20","first-page":"1195","volume":"64","author":"KA Yeh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yeh KA, Lyle G, Wei JP, Sherry R: Immediate breast reconstruction in breast cancer: morbidity and outcome. Am Surg. 1998, 64: 1195-1199.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"973_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008941110816","volume":"11","author":"LA Brinton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brinton LA, Lubin JH, Burich MC, Colton T, Brown SL, Hoover RN: Breast cancer following augmentation mammoplasty (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2000, 11: 819-827. 10.1023\/A:1008941110816.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"973_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7388.527","volume":"326","author":"VC Koot","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koot VC, Peeters PH, Granath F, Grobbee DE, Nyren O: Total and cause specific mortality among Swedish women with cosmetic breast implants: prospective study. Br Med J. 2003, 326: 527-528.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"973_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(82)90020-0","volume":"35","author":"HH Dayal","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dayal HH, Power RN, Chiu C: Race and socio-economic status in survival from breast cancer. J Chronic Dis. 1982, 35: 675-683. 10.1016\/0021-9681(82)90020-0.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"973_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116340","volume":"135","author":"NH Gordon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gordon NH, Crowe JP, Brumberg DJ, Berger NA: Socioeconomic factors and race in breast cancer recurrence and survival. Am J Epidemiol. 1992, 135: 609-618.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"973_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(00)00747-X","volume":"192","author":"M Morrow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morrow M, Scott SK, Menck HR, Mustoe TA, Winchester DP: Factors influencing the use of breast reconstruction postmastectomy: a National Cancer Database study. J Am Coll Surg. 2001, 192: 1-8. 10.1016\/S1072-7515(00)00747-X.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"973_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199705000-00022","volume":"99","author":"DM Deapen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Deapen DM, Bernstein L, Brody GS: Are breast implants anticarcinogenic? A 14-year follow-up of the Los Angeles Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997, 99: 1346-1353.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00012","volume":"12","author":"LA Brinton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brinton LA, Lubin JH, Burich MC, Colton T, Hoover RN: Mortality among augmentation mammoplasty patients. Epidemiology. 2001, 12: 321-326. 10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00012.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"973_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200002000-00009","volume":"105","author":"D Deapen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deapen D, Hamilton A, Bernstein L, Brody GS: Breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival among patients with prior breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000, 105: 535-540.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199392050-00003","volume":"92","author":"DC Birdsell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Birdsell DC, Jenkins H, Berkel H: Breast cancer diagnosis and survival in women with and without breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993, 92: 795-800.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199806000-00006","volume":"101","author":"LL Reaby","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reaby LL: Reasons why women who have mastectomy decide to have or not to have breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998, 101: 1810-1818.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000066005.07796.51","volume":"112","author":"DB Sarwer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarwer DB, LaRossa D, Bartlett SP, Low DW, Bucky LP, Whitaker LA: Body image concerns of breast augmentation patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003, 112: 83-90. 10.1097\/01.PRS.0000066005.07796.51.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199602000-00001","volume":"97","author":"LA Brinton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brinton LA, Malone KE, Coates RJ, Schoenberg JB, Swanson CA, Daling JR, Stanford JL: Breast enlargement and reduction: results from a breast cancer case\u2013control study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996, 97: 269-275.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR33","first-page":"587","volume":"38","author":"DA Dreyfuss","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dreyfuss DA, Singh S, Dowlatshahi K, Krizek TJ: Silicone implants as an anticarcinogen. Surg Forum. 1987, 38: 587-588.","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"key":"973_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199509000-00001","volume":"96","author":"CW Su","year":"1995","unstructured":"Su CW, Dreyfuss DA, Krizek TJ, Leoni KJ: Silicone implants and the inhibition of cancer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995, 96: 513-518. discussion 519\u2013520","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"973_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199101000-00001","volume":"87","author":"SS Ramasastry","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ramasastry SS, Weinstein LW, Zerbe A, Narayanan K, LaPietra D, Futrell JW: Regression of local and distant tumor growth by tissue expansion: an experimental study of mammary carcinoma 13,762 in rats. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991, 87: 1-7. discussion 8\u20139","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Breast Cancer Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/bcr974.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/bcr974\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/bcr974.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T10:37:14Z","timestamp":1728383834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/bcr974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/bcr974","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-542X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-542X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2004","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2004","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2004","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"R184"}}