{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T11:51:22Z","timestamp":1792324282324,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Isolated vital signs (for example, heart rate or systolic blood pressure) have been shown unreliable in the assessment of hypovolemic shock. In contrast, the Shock Index (SI), defined by the ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure, has been advocated to better risk-stratify patients for increased transfusion requirements and early mortality. Recently, our group has developed a novel and clinical reliable classification of hypovolemic shock based upon four classes of worsening base deficit (BD). The objective of this study was to correlate this classification to corresponding strata of SI for the rapid assessment of trauma patients in the absence of laboratory parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2002 and 2011, data for 21,853 adult trauma patients were retrieved from the TraumaRegister DGU\u00ae database and divided into four strata of worsening SI at emergency department arrival (group I, SI &lt;0.6; group II, SI \u22650.6 to &lt;1.0; group III, SI \u22651.0 to &lt;1.4; and group IV, SI \u22651.4) and were assessed for demographics, injury characteristics, transfusion requirements, fluid resuscitation and outcomes. The four strata of worsening SI were compared with our recently suggested BD-based classification of hypovolemic shock.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Worsening of SI was associated with increasing injury severity scores from 19.3 (\u00b1 12) in group I to 37.3 (\u00b1 16.8) in group IV, while mortality increased from 10.9% to 39.8%. Increments in SI paralleled increasing fluid resuscitation, vasopressor use and decreasing hemoglobin, platelet counts and Quick\u2019s values. The number of blood units transfused increased from 1.0 (\u00b1 4.8) in group I to 21.4 (\u00b1 26.2) in group IV patients. Of patients, 31% in group III and 57% in group IV required \u226510 blood units until ICU admission. The four strata of SI discriminated transfusion requirements and massive transfusion rates equally with our recently introduced BD-based classification of hypovolemic shock.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SI upon emergency department arrival may be considered a clinical indicator of hypovolemic shock in respect to transfusion requirements, hemostatic resuscitation and mortality. The four SI groups have been shown to equal our recently suggested BD-based classification. In daily clinical practice, SI may be used to assess the presence of hypovolemic shock if point-of-care testing technology is not available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T12:14:13Z","timestamp":1376309653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":259,"title":["The Shock Index revisited \u2013 a fast guide to transfusion requirement? A retrospective analysis on 21,853 patients derived from the TraumaRegister DGU\u00ae"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mutschler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Nienaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"M\u00fcnzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"W\u00f6lfl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Schoechl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Paffrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertil","family":"Bouillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Maegele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The TraumaRegister DGU\u00ae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-0266-1","volume":"34","author":"JA Evans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evans JA, Van Wessem KJP, McDougall D, Lee KA, Lyons T, Balogh ZJ: Epidemiology of traumatic deaths: comprehensive population-based assessment.\n                           World J Surg 2010, 34: 158-163. 10.1007\/s00268-009-0266-1","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"1914_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6632.1305","volume":"296","author":"ID Anderson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Anderson ID, Woodford M, De Dombal FT, Irving M: Retrospective study of 1000 deaths from injury in England and Wales.\n                           Br Med J 1988, 296: 1305-1308. 10.1136\/bmj.296.6632.1305","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1914_CR3","volume-title":"Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors \u2013 Student Course Manual","author":"American College of Surgeons","year":"2008","unstructured":"American College of Surgeons: Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors \u2013 Student Course Manual. 8th edition. 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