{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:30:22Z","timestamp":1789885822710,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,9]],"date-time":"2014-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,9]],"date-time":"2014-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Diaphragm weakness induced by prolonged mechanical ventilation may contribute to difficult weaning from the ventilator. Hypercapnia is an accepted side effect of low tidal volume mechanical ventilation, but the effects of hypercapnia on respiratory muscle function are largely unknown. The present study investigated the effect of hypercapnia on ventilator-induced diaphragm inflammation, atrophy and function.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Male Wistar rats (n\u2009=\u200910 per group) were unventilated (CON), mechanically ventilated for 18\u00a0hours without (MV) or with hypercapnia (MV\u2009+\u2009H, Fico<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.05). Diaphragm muscle was excised for structural, biochemical and functional analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Myosin concentration in the diaphragm was decreased in MV versus CON, but not in MV\u2009+\u2009H versus CON. MV reduced diaphragm force by approximately 22% compared with CON. The force-generating capacity of diaphragm fibers from MV\u2009+\u2009H rats was approximately 14% lower compared with CON. Inflammatory cytokines were elevated in the diaphragm of MV rats, but not in the MV\u2009+\u2009H group. Diaphragm proteasome activity did not significantly differ between MV and CON. However, proteasome activity in the diaphragm of MV\u2009+\u2009H was significantly lower compared with CON. LC3B-II a marker of lysosomal autophagy was increased in both MV and MV\u2009+\u2009H. Incubation of MV\u2009+\u2009H diaphragm muscle fibers with the antioxidant dithiothreitol restored force generation of diaphragm fibers.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Hypercapnia partly protects the diaphragm against adverse effects of mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,9]],"date-time":"2014-02-09T10:01:01Z","timestamp":1391940061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Hypercapnia attenuates ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy and modulates dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Willem-Jan M","family":"Schellekens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hieronymus 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