{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:47:20Z","timestamp":1788691640161,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]],"date-time":"2014-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]],"date-time":"2014-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>A major consequence of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is diaphragm weakness, which prolongs the duration of mechanical ventilation. Hyperglycemia (HG) is a risk factor for ICUAW. However, the mechanisms underlying HG-induced respiratory muscle weakness are not known. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) injure multiple tissues during HG, but only one study suggests that excessive ROS generation may be linked to HG-induced diaphragm weakness. We hypothesized that HG-induced diaphragm dysfunction is mediated by excessive superoxide generation and that administration of a specific superoxide scavenger, polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), would ameliorate these effects.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>HG was induced in rats using streptozotocin (60\u00a0mg\/kg intravenously) and the following groups assessed at two weeks: controls, HG, HG\u2009+\u2009PEG-SOD (2,000U\/kg\/d intraperitoneally for seven days), and HG\u2009+\u2009denatured (dn)PEG-SOD (2000U\/kg\/d intraperitoneally for seven days). PEG-SOD and dnPEG-SOD were administered on day 8, we measured diaphragm specific force generation in muscle strips, force-pCa relationships in single permeabilized fibers, contractile protein content and indices of oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>HG reduced diaphragm specific force generation, altered single fiber force-pCa relationships, depleted troponin T, and increased oxidative stress. PEG-SOD prevented HG-induced reductions in diaphragm specific force generation (for example 80\u00a0Hz force was 26.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9, 15.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9, 24.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 and 14.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u00a0N\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for control, HG, HG\u2009+\u2009PEG-SOD, and HG\u2009+\u2009dnPEG-SOD groups, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001). PEG-SOD also restored HG-induced reductions in diaphragm single fiber force generation (for example, Fmax was 182.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8, 85.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0, 148.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4 and 90.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 kPa in control, HG, HG\u2009+\u2009PEG-SOD, and HG\u2009+\u2009dnPEG-SOD groups, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001). HG-induced troponin T depletion, protein nitrotyrosine formation, and carbonyl modifications were largely prevented by PEG-SOD.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>HG-induced reductions in diaphragm force generation occur largely at the level of the contractile proteins, are associated with depletion of troponin T and increased indices of oxidative stress, findings not previously reported. Importantly, administration of PEG-SOD largely ablated these derangements, indicating that superoxide generation plays a major role in hyperglycemia-induced diaphragm dysfunction. This new mechanistic information could explain how HG alters diaphragm function during critical illness.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]],"date-time":"2014-05-03T09:01:30Z","timestamp":1399107690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Hyperglycemia-induced diaphragm weakness is mediated by oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Leigh A","family":"Callahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald S","family":"Supinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2486_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70178-8","volume":"10","author":"N Latronico","year":"2011","unstructured":"Latronico N, Bolton CF: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: a major cause of muscle weakness and paralysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011, 10: 931-941. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70178-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2486_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R120","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12792","volume":"17","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Callahan LA: Diaphragm weakness in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2013, 17: R120-10.1186\/cc12792.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2486_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC","volume":"188","author":"A Demoule","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demoule A, Jung B, Prodanovic H, Molinari N, Chanques G, Coirault C, Matecki S, Duguet A, Similowski T, Jaber S: Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to ICU: prevalence, risk factors and prognostic impact - a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013, 188: 213-219. 10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R127","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9094","volume":"14","author":"G Hermans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hermans G, Agten A, Testelmans D, Decramer M, Gayan-Ramirez G: Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2010, 14: R127-10.1186\/cc9094.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2486_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00005","volume":"29","author":"AC Watson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watson AC, Hughes PD, Louise Harris M, Hart N, Ware RJ, Wendon J, Green M, Moxham J: Measurement of twitch transdiaphragmatic, esophageal, and endotracheal tube pressure with bilateral anterolateral magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation in patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2001, 29: 1325-1331. 10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00005.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2174-z","volume":"30","author":"B De Jonghe","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Jonghe B, Bastuji-Garin S, Sharshar T, Outin H, Brochard L: Does ICU-acquired paresis lengthen weaning from mechanical ventilation?. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 1117-1121. 10.1007\/s00134-004-2174-z.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7100","volume":"12","author":"G Hermans","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, Berghe GV: Clinical review: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care. 2008, 12: 238-10.1186\/cc7100.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2486_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.03.001","volume":"26","author":"B De Jonghe","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Jonghe B, Lacherade JC, Durand MC, Sharshar T: Critical illness neuromuscular syndromes. Neurol Clin. 2008, 26: 507-520. 10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.03.001. ix","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2486_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011300","volume":"345","author":"G van den Berghe","year":"2001","unstructured":"van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R: Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345: 1359-1367. 10.1056\/NEJMoa011300.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2486_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200605-665OC","volume":"175","author":"G Hermans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W, Milants I, Wouters PJ, Bobbaers H, Bruyninckx F, Van den Berghe G: Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator dependency in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007, 175: 480-489. 10.1164\/rccm.200605-665OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR11","first-page":"CD006832","volume":"1","author":"G Hermans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, Van den Berghe G: Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009, 1: CD006832-","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2486_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R5","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7694","volume":"13","author":"G Hermans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hermans G, Schrooten M, Van Damme P, Berends N, Bouckaert B, De Vooght W, Robberecht W, Van den Berghe G: Benefits of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications in routine daily critical care practice: a retrospective study. Crit Care. 2009, 13: R5-10.1186\/cc7694.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2486_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052521","volume":"354","author":"G Van den Berghe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, Meersseman W, Wouters PJ, Milants I, Van Wijngaerden E, Bobbaers H, Bouillon R: Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006, 354: 449-461. 10.1056\/NEJMoa052521.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2486_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872613489304","volume":"2","author":"JA Lipton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lipton JA, Barendse RJ, Van Domburg RT, Schinkel AF, Boersma H, Simoons MI, Akkerhuis KM: Hyperglycemia at admission and during hospital stay are independent risk factors for mortality in high risk cardiac patients admitted to an intensive cardiac care unit. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2013, 2: 306-313. 10.1177\/2048872613489304.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2486_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12280","volume":"21","author":"T Shimoyama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shimoyama T, Kimura K, Uemura J, Saji N, Shibazaki K: Elevated glucose level adversely affects infarct volume growth and neurological deterioration in non-diabetic stroke patients, but not diabetic stroke patients. Eur J Neurol. 2014, 21: 402-410. 10.1111\/ene.12280.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2486_CR16","first-page":"CD006832","volume":"1","author":"G Hermans","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, Van den Berghe G: Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014, 1: CD006832-","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2486_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-012-9387-2","volume":"5","author":"M Sedeek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sedeek M, Montezano AC, Hebert RL, Gray SP, Di Marco E, Jha JC, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Schiffrin EL, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Touyz RM: Oxidative stress, Nox isoforms and complications of diabetes\u2013potential targets for novel therapies. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012, 5: 509-518. 10.1007\/s12265-012-9387-2.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"2486_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545","volume":"107","author":"F Giacco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giacco F, Brownlee M: Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010, 107: 1058-1070. 10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2486_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.022","volume":"46","author":"S Munusamy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Munusamy S, MacMillan-Crow LA: Mitochondrial superoxide plays a crucial role in the development of mitochondrial dysfunction during high glucose exposure in rat renal proximal tubular cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009, 46: 1149-1157. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.022.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2486_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S354","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b6e439","volume":"37","author":"LA Callahan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Callahan LA, Supinski GS: Sepsis-induced myopathy. Crit Care Med. 2009, 37: S354-S367.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00454-8","volume":"30","author":"LA Callahan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Callahan LA, Stofan DA, Szweda LI, Nethery DE, Supinski GS: Free radicals alter maximal diaphragmatic mitochondrial oxygen consumption in endotoxin-induced sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001, 30: 129-138. 10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00454-8.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2486_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.4.1279","volume":"87","author":"D Nethery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nethery D, DiMarco A, Stofan D, Supinski G: Sepsis increases contraction-related generation of reactive oxygen species in the diaphragm. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 87: 1279-1286.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182190b62","volume":"39","author":"SK Powers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Powers SK, Hudson MB, Nelson WB, Talbert EE, Min K, Szeto HH, Kavazis AN, Smuder AJ: Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants protect against mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragm weakness. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 1749-1759. 10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182190b62.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.24.2.4075","volume":"24","author":"LA Callahan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Callahan LA, Nethery D, Stofan D, DiMarco A, Supinski G: Free radical-induced contractile protein dysfunction in endotoxin-induced sepsis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001, 24: 210-217. 10.1165\/ajrcmb.24.2.4075.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2486_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01145.2004","volume":"99","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Callahan LA: Diaphragmatic free radical generation increases in an animal model of heart failure. J Appl Physiol. 2005, 99: 1078-1084. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01145.2004.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.14.1690","volume":"102","author":"X Li","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li X, Moody MR, Engel D, Walker S, Clubb FJ, Sivasubramanian N, Mann DL, Reid MB: Cardiac-specific overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha causes oxidative stress and contractile dysfunction in mouse diaphragm. Circulation. 2000, 102: 1690-1696. 10.1161\/01.CIR.102.14.1690.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2486_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.6.8665049","volume":"153","author":"W Hida","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hida W, Shindoh C, Satoh J, Sagara M, Kikuchi Y, Toyota T, Shirato K: N-acetylcysteine inhibits loss of diaphragm function in streptozotocin-treated rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 153: 1875-1879. 10.1164\/ajrccm.153.6.8665049.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R35","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8913","volume":"14","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Vanags J, Callahan LA: Eicosapentaenoic acid preserves diaphragm force generation following endotoxin administration. Crit Care. 2010, 14: R35-10.1186\/cc8913.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2486_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L994","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90404.2008","volume":"296","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Vanags J, Callahan LA: Effect of proteasome inhibitors on endotoxin-induced diaphragm dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009, 296: L994-L1001. 10.1152\/ajplung.90404.2008.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00341.2009","volume":"107","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Wang W, Callahan LA: Caspase and calpain activation both contribute to sepsis-induced diaphragmatic weakness. J Appl Physiol. 2009, 107: 1389-1396. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00341.2009.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1972.52.1.129","volume":"52","author":"RI Close","year":"1972","unstructured":"Close RI: Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles. Physiol Rev. 1972, 52: 129-197.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2486_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.1.45","volume":"90","author":"LA Callahan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Callahan LA, She ZW, Nosek TM: Superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide effects on single-diaphragm fiber contractile apparatus. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 90: 45-54.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R891","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.4.R891","volume":"278","author":"G Supinski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Supinski G, Nethery D, Nosek TM, Callahan LA, Stofan D, DiMarco A: Endotoxin administration alters the force vs. pCa relationship of skeletal muscle fibers. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000, 278: R891-R896.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.2.783","volume":"87","author":"G Supinski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Supinski G, Stofan D, Callahan LA, Nethery D, Nosek TM, DiMarco A: Peroxynitrite induces contractile dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in the diaphragm. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 87: 783-791.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.2.695","volume":"89","author":"PC Geiger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geiger PC, Cody MJ, Macken RL, Sieck GC: Maximum specific force depends on myosin heavy chain content in rat diaphragm muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000, 89: 695-703.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2486_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C210","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1987.253.2.C210","volume":"253","author":"TJ Eddinger","year":"1987","unstructured":"Eddinger TJ, Moss RL: Mechanical properties of skinned single fibers of identified types from rat diaphragm. Am J Physiol. 1987, 253: C210-C218.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.06.025","volume":"189","author":"CB Mantilla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mantilla CB, Sieck GC: Impact of diaphragm muscle fiber atrophy on neuromotor control. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013, 189: 411-418. 10.1016\/j.resp.2013.06.025.","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2486_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00824.2002","volume":"95","author":"MA Zergeroglu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zergeroglu MA, McKenzie MJ, Shanely RA, Van Gammeren D, DeRuisseau KC, Powers SK: Mechanical ventilation-induced oxidative stress in the diaphragm. J Appl Physiol. 2003, 95: 1116-1124.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0021OC","volume":"32","author":"E Barreiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barreiro E, Gea J, Di Falco M, Kriazhev L, James S, Hussain SN: Protein carbonyl formation in the diaphragm. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2005, 32: 9-17. 10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0021OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2486_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11494","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011494","volume":"5","author":"N Salvi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salvi N, Guellich A, Michelet P, Demoule A, Le Guen M, Renou L, Bonne G, Riou B, Langeron O, Coirault C: Upregulation of PPARbeta\/delta is associated with structural and functional changes in the type I diabetes rat diaphragm. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e11494-10.1371\/journal.pone.0011494.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2486_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931903","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/931903","volume":"2010","author":"M Brotto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brotto M, Brotto L, Jin JP, Nosek TM, Romani A: Temporal adaptive changes in contractility and fatigability of diaphragm muscles from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010, 2010: 931903-","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"2486_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.10.023","volume":"87","author":"M Sheikh-Ali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sheikh-Ali M, Sultan S, Alamir AR, Haas MJ, Mooradian AD: Effects of antioxidants on glucose-induced oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010, 87: 161-166. 10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.10.023.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2486_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.03.048","volume":"636","author":"Z Fatehi-Hassanabad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fatehi-Hassanabad Z, Chan CB, Furman BL: Reactive oxygen species and endothelial function in diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010, 636: 8-17. 10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.03.048.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2486_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.002","volume":"42","author":"A San Martin","year":"2007","unstructured":"San Martin A, Foncea R, Laurindo FR, Ebensperger R, Griendling KK, Leighton F: Nox1-based NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide is required for VSMC activation by advanced glycation end-products. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007, 42: 1671-1679. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.002.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2486_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.07705.x","volume":"77","author":"T Nishikawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Brownlee M: The missing link: a single unifying mechanism for diabetic complications. Kidney Int Suppl. 2000, 77: S26-S30.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"2486_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/35008121","volume":"404","author":"T Nishikawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes HP, Giardino I, Brownlee M: Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature. 2000, 404: 787-790. 10.1038\/35008121.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2486_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100054","volume":"1","author":"SK Powers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Powers SK, Ji LL, Kavazis AN, Jackson MJ: Reactive oxygen species: impact on skeletal muscle. Compr Physiol. 2011, 1: 941-969.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3976","volume":"15","author":"MJ Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson MJ: Control of reactive oxygen species production in contracting skeletal muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011, 15: 2477-2486. 10.1089\/ars.2011.3976.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2486_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4623","volume":"18","author":"GK Sakellariou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sakellariou GK, Vasilaki A, Palomero J, Kayani A, Zibrik L, McArdle A, Jackson MJ: Studies of mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial sources implicate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase(s) in the increased skeletal muscle superoxide generation that occurs during contractile activity. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013, 18: 603-621. 10.1089\/ars.2012.4623.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2486_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01138.2006","volume":"102","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Callahan LA: Free radical-mediated skeletal muscle dysfunction in inflammatory conditions. J Appl Physiol. 2007, 102: 2056-2063. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01138.2006.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006859920875","volume":"179","author":"G Supinski","year":"1998","unstructured":"Supinski G: Free radical induced respiratory muscle dysfunction. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998, 179: 99-110. 10.1023\/A:1006859920875.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2486_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01203.2009","volume":"110","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Callahan LA: Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activation modulates endotoxin-induced diaphragm weakness. J Appl Physiol. 2011, 110: 199-205. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01203.2009.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0395OC","volume":"43","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Ji XY, Callahan LA: p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase modulates endotoxin-induced diaphragm caspase activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010, 43: 121-127. 10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0395OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2486_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R825","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90849.2008","volume":"297","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Ji X, Callahan LA: The JNK MAP kinase pathway contributes to the development of endotoxin-induced diaphragm caspase activation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009, 297: R825-R834. 10.1152\/ajpregu.90849.2008.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00377.2006","volume":"102","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Ji X, Wang W, Callahan LA: The extrinsic caspase pathway modulates endotoxin-induced diaphragm contractile dysfunction. J Appl Physiol. 2007, 102: 1649-1657.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01288.2005","volume":"100","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Callahan LA: Caspase activation contributes to endotoxin-induced diaphragm weakness. J Appl Physiol. 2006, 100: 1770-1777. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01288.2005.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.025","volume":"49","author":"AJ Smuder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Hudson MB, Nelson WB, Powers SK: Oxidation enhances myofibrillar protein degradation via calpain and caspase-3. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010, 49: 1152-1160. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.025.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2486_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00098.2010","volume":"108","author":"MA Whidden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whidden MA, Smuder AJ, Wu M, Hudson MB, Nelson WB, Powers SK: Oxidative stress is required for mechanical ventilation-induced protease activation in the diaphragm. J Appl Physiol. 2010, 108: 1376-1382. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00098.2010.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2486_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070447","volume":"358","author":"S Levine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia ME, Budak MT, Rothenberg P, Zhu J, Sachdeva R, Sonnad S, Kaiser LR, Rubinstein NA, Powers SK, Shrager JB: Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans. N Engl J Med. 2008, 358: 1327-1335. 10.1056\/NEJMoa070447.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2486_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200601-142OC","volume":"175","author":"JM McClung","year":"2007","unstructured":"McClung JM, Kavazis AN, DeRuisseau KC, Falk DJ, Deering MA, Lee Y, Sugiura T, Powers SK: Caspase-3 regulation of diaphragm myonuclear domain during mechanical ventilation-induced atrophy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007, 175: 150-159. 10.1164\/rccm.200601-142OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318246bb5d","volume":"40","author":"WB Nelson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nelson WB, Smuder AJ, Hudson MB, Talbert EE, Powers SK: Cross-talk between the calpain and caspase-3 proteolytic systems in the diaphragm during prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2012, 40: 1857-1863. 10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318246bb5d.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200202-088OC","volume":"166","author":"RA Shanely","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shanely RA, Zergeroglu MA, Lennon SL, Sugiura T, Yimlamai T, Enns D, Belcastro A, Powers SK: Mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragmatic atrophy is associated with oxidative injury and increased proteolytic activity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 166: 1369-1374. 10.1164\/rccm.200202-088OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR63","first-page":"A4188","volume":"179","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Wang L, Callahan LA: Effects of active caspase on contractile protein function and structure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009, 179: A4188-","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6252","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092022999","volume":"99","author":"C Communal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Communal C, Sumandea M, de Tombe P, Narula J, Solaro RJ, Hajjar RJ: Functional consequences of caspase activation in cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002, 99: 6252-6256. 10.1073\/pnas.092022999.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2486_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2004.03.018","volume":"68","author":"R Lametsch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lametsch R, Roepstorff P, Moller HS, Bendixen E: Identification of myofibrillar substrates for mu-calpain. Meat Sci. 2004, 68: 515-521. 10.1016\/j.meatsci.2004.03.018.","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"2486_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0813","volume":"92","author":"L Langouche","year":"2007","unstructured":"Langouche L, Vander Perre S, Wouters PJ, D\u2019Hoore A, Hansen TK, Van den Berghe G: Effect of intensive insulin therapy on insulin sensitivity in the critically ill. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 92: 3890-3897. 10.1210\/jc.2007-0813.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2486_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02913315","volume":"22","author":"A Akbarzadeh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akbarzadeh A, Norouzian D, Mehrabi MR, Jamshidi S, Farhangi A, Verdi AA, Mofidian SM, Rad BL: Induction of diabetes by Streptozotocin in rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2007, 22: 60-64. 10.1007\/BF02913315.","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2486_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0886-7","volume":"51","author":"S Lenzen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lenzen S: The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008, 51: 216-226. 10.1007\/s00125-007-0886-7.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2486_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1084","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00489.2001","volume":"282","author":"CY Lin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin CY, Higginbotham DA, Judd RL, White BD: Central leptin increases insulin sensitivity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002, 282: E1084-E1091.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2486_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67716","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067716","volume":"8","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watanabe Y, Singamsetty S, Zou B, Guo L, Stefanovski D, Alonso LC, Garcia-Ocana A, O'Donnell CP, McVerry BJ: Exogenous glucose administration impairs glucose tolerance and pancreatic insulin secretion during acute sepsis in non-diabetic mice. PLoS One. 2013, 8: e67716-10.1371\/journal.pone.0067716.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2486_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181c03f65","volume":"38","author":"S Derde","year":"2010","unstructured":"Derde S, Vanhorebeek I, Ververs EJ, Vanhees I, Darras VM, Van Herck E, Larsson L, Van den Berghe G: Increasing intravenous glucose load in the presence of normoglycemia: effect on outcome and metabolism in critically ill rabbits. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 602-611. 10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181c03f65.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2486_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.093534","volume":"316","author":"JK Saha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saha JK, Xia J, Engle SK, Chen YF, Glaesner W, Jakubowski JA: A model of controlled acute hyperglycemia in rats: effects of insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006, 316: 1159-1164.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2486_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0241-8","volume":"12","author":"D Mesotten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mesotten D, Van den Berghe G: Glycemic targets and approaches to management of the patient with critical illness. Curr Diab Rep. 2012, 12: 101-107. 10.1007\/s11892-011-0241-8.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2486_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204942","volume":"367","author":"S Finfer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, Norton R, Myburgh JA, McArthur C, Mitchell I, Foster D, Dhingra V, Henderson WR, Ronco JJ, Bellomo R, Cook D, McDonald E, Dodek P, Hebert PC, Heyland DK, Robinson BG: Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2012, 367: 1108-1118.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2486_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12537","volume":"17","author":"S Finfer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finfer S, Wernerman J, Preiser JC, Cass T, Desaive T, Hovorka R, Joseph JI, Kosiborod M, Krinsley J, Mackenzie I, Mesotten D, Schultz MJ, Scott MG, Slingerland R, Van den Berghe G, Van Herpe T: Clinical review: consensus recommendations on measurement of blood glucose and reporting glycemic control in critically ill adults. Crit Care. 2013, 17: 229-10.1186\/cc12537.","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/cc13855.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/cc13855\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/cc13855.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T10:58:39Z","timestamp":1728385119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ccforum.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/cc13855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc13855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-8535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"R88"}}