{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:11:17Z","timestamp":1790316677308,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,20]],"date-time":"2002-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1040342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,20]],"date-time":"2002-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1040342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Splanchnic perfusion following hypovolemic shock is an important marker of adequate resuscitation. We tested whether the gap between esophageal partial carbon dioxide tension (Pe<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and arterial partial carbon dioxide tension (Pa<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) is increased during graded hemorrhagic hypotension and reversed after blood reinfusion, using a fiberoptic carbon dioxide sensor.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Materials and method<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Ten Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were anesthetized, tracheotomized, and cannulated in one femoral artery and vein. A calibrated fiberoptic P<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> probe was inserted into the distal third of the esophagus for determination of luminal Pe<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during maintained anesthesia (pentobarbital 15 mg\/kg per hour), normothermia (38 \u00b1 0.5\u00b0C), and fluid balance (saline 5 ml\/kg per hour). Three out of 10 rats were used to determine the limits of hemodynamic stability during gradual hemorrhage. Seven of the 10 rats were then subjected to mild and severe hemorrhage (15 and 20\u201325 ml\/kg, respectively). Thirty minutes after severe hemorrhage, these rats were resuscitated by reinfusion of the shed blood. Arterial gas exchange, hemodynamic variables, and Pe<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were recorded at each steady-state level of hemorrhage (at 30 and 60 min) and after resuscitation.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The Pe<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013Pa<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> gap was significantly increased after mild and severe hemorrhage and returned to baseline (prehemorrhagic) values following blood reinfusion. Base deficit increased significantly following severe hemorrhage and remained significantly elevated after blood reinfusion. Significant correlations were found between base deficit and Pe<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013Pa<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.002) and Pe<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.022). Blood bicarbonate concentration decreased significantly following mild and severe hemorrhage, but its recovery was not complete at 60 min after blood reinfusion.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Esophageal\u2013arterial P<jats:sc>CO<\/jats:sc><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> gap increases during graded hemorrhagic hypotension and returns to baseline value after resuscitation without complete reversal of the base deficit. These data suggest that esophageal capnometry could be used as an alternative for gastric tonometry during management of hypovolemic shock.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,14]],"date-time":"2003-01-14T12:07:45Z","timestamp":1042546065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Esophageal capnometry during hemorrhagic shock and after resuscitation in rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Balagangadhar 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