{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:57:56Z","timestamp":1790776676642,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Liver dysfunction associated with artificial nutrition in critically ill patients is a complication that seems to be frequent, but it has not been assessed previously in a large cohort of critically ill patients.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We conducted a prospective cohort study of incidence in 40 intensive care units. Different liver dysfunction patterns were defined: (a) cholestasis: alkaline phosphatase of more than 280 IU\/l, gamma-glutamyl-transferase of more than 50 IU\/l, or bilirubin of more than 1.2 mg\/dl; (b) liver necrosis: aspartate aminotransferase of more than 40 IU\/l or alanine aminotransferase of more than 42 IU\/l, plus bilirubin of more than 1.2 mg\/dl or international normalized ratio of more than 1.4; and (c) mixed pattern: alkaline phosphatase of more than 280 IU\/l or gamma-glutamyl-transferase of more than 50 IU\/l, plus aspartate aminotransferase of more than 40 IU\/l or alanine aminotransferase of more than 42 IU\/l.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Seven hundred and twenty-five of 3,409 patients received artificial nutrition: 303 received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and 422 received enteral nutrition (EN). Twenty-three percent of patients developed liver dysfunction: 30% in the TPN group and 18% in the EN group. The univariate analysis showed an association between liver dysfunction and TPN (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score on admission (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), sepsis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), early use of artificial nutrition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.03), and malnutrition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). In the multivariate analysis, liver dysfunction was associated with TPN (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), sepsis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.02), early use of artificial nutrition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.03), and calculated energy requirements of more than 25 kcal\/kg per day (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>TPN, sepsis, and excessive calculated energy requirements appear as risk factors for developing liver dysfunction. Septic critically ill patients should not be fed with excessive caloric amounts, particularly when TPN is employed. Administering artificial nutrition in the first 24 hours after admission seems to have a protective effect.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T19:11:42Z","timestamp":1169752302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Liver dysfunction associated with artificial nutrition in critically ill patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Teodoro","family":"Grau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Bonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merc\u00e9","family":"Farr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Blesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Montejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abelardo Garc\u00eda","family":"de Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Mesejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Working Group on Nutrition and Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Critical Care","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"5190_CR1","first-page":"1SA","volume":"26","author":"ASPEN Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force","year":"2002","unstructured":"ASPEN Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force: Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients.\n                           JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002,26(1 Suppl):1SA-138SA.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"5190_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"101","author":"FB Cerra","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cerra FB: Hypermetabolism, organ failure and metabolic support.\n                           Surgery 1987, 101: 1-14.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"5190_CR3","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Enteral and Tube Feeding","author":"KE Shattuck","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shattuck KE, Klein GL: Hepatobiliary complications of parenteral nutrition. 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