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Mechanical stress due to high shear flow can also cause arteriovenous malformation (AVM) when ECs respond hyper-sensitively to shear flow. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that angiogenesis could be promoted in response to mechanical stress via regulation of pro-angiogenic factors in AVM cells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ECs were extracted from the tissue samples from six AVM patients and six normal patients. Shear stress at 7 dynes\/cm2 were applied for 24\u00a0h. Before and after application of shear stress to each group, RT-PCR was performed to access the expression levels of angiopoietin2(AGP2), aquaporin1(AQP1) and TGF\u03b2R1. Immunofluorescences was also performed to evaluate the level of protein expressions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In both normal and AVM tissues, AGP2 and TGF\u03b2R1 under the shear stress showed increased expression in the ECs compared to the non-sheared samples. When AVMs and normal arterial vasculature were compared, the expression levels of both AGP2 and TGF\u03b2R1 in AVMs were higher when compared to normal arterial vasculature with or without shear stress. Immunofluorescence-based protein analysis also confirmed shear-induced AGP2 and TGF\u03b2R1 in both samples of normal and AVM patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>AVMs exhibited higher sensitivity to shear stress by producing higher expressions of some marked genes and proteins that regulate the endothelial functions upon exposure to shear stress. While the physiological mechanism for AVMs remain elusive, our study shows the plausibility of physical stress imposed by the shearing flow can cause the occurrence of AVMs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00291-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T07:03:09Z","timestamp":1617174189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Oscillatory shear stress promotes angiogenic effects in arteriovenous malformations endothelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-5051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Yeop","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9137-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joon Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4903-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Jung","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0577-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok-Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4163-913X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Yub","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1716-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saewon","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho Yun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.008836","volume":"46","author":"A Alaraj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alaraj A, Shakur SF, Amin-Hanjani S, Mostafa H, Khan S, Aletich VA, Charbel FT. 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