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Sustained remission is not always achieved with available immunosuppressive treatments, warranting more detailed studies of T cell responses that perpetuate synovial inflammation in treatment-refractory patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we investigated CD4\u2009+\u2009and CD8\u2009+\u2009T lymphocytes from the synovial tissue and peripheral blood of patients with treatment-resistant immune-mediated arthritis using paired single-cell RNA and TCR-sequencing. To gain insights into the trafficking of clonal families, we compared the phenotypes of clones with the exact same TCR\u00df amino acid sequence between the two tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results show that both CD4\u2009+\u2009and CD8\u2009+\u2009T cells display a more activated and inflamed phenotype in the synovial tissue compared to peripheral blood both at the population level and within individual T cell families. Furthermore, we found that both cell subtypes exhibited clonal expansion in the synovial tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that the local environment in the synovium drives the proliferation of activated cytotoxic T cells, and both CD4\u2009+\u2009and CD8\u2009+\u2009T cells may contribute to tissue destruction and disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00802-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1712653298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Single-cell characterisation of tissue homing CD4\u2009+\u2009and CD8\u2009+\u2009T cell clones in immune-mediated refractory arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0808-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipabarna","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Theodoropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katariina","family":"Nurmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Juutilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari K.","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Koivuniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Kelkka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satu","family":"Mustjoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4484-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapio","family":"L\u00f6nnberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"802_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.194","volume":"11","author":"S Ajeganova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ajeganova S, Huizinga TWJ. 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This study was approved by the Helsinki University Hospital Ethics Committee (HUS\/2989\/2017).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We have obtained consent to publish this paper from all the participants of this research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SM has received honoraria and research funding from Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Incyte, and Pfizer (not related to this project). Other authors have no competing interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"48"}}