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In brown adipocytes, N-fatty acyl amino acids bind to mitochondria and act as uncouplers of mitochondria, independent of UCP1. Interventions aimed at increasing or inhibiting PM20D1 expression considerably impact energy balance and metabolism; however, little is known about naturally occurring variants of the <jats:italic>PM20D1\/Pm20d1<\/jats:italic> gene and their impact on phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In vivo, gene expression of <jats:italic>Pm20d1<\/jats:italic> in BALB\/c, C57BL\/6, and <jats:italic>Ucp1<\/jats:italic> KO in brown adipose tissue and other metabolic tissues was measured. In vitro, transcriptional activity of <jats:italic>Pm20d1<\/jats:italic> and brown adipocytes\u2019 oxygen consumption in primary culture were assessed. Human PM20D1 circulating levels were quantified. In silico analysis of the <jats:italic>Pm20d1<\/jats:italic> gene sequencing and human polymorphisms associated with <jats:italic>PM20D1<\/jats:italic> was performed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here, we identified a gain-of-function variant in the <jats:italic>Pm20d1<\/jats:italic> promoter region present in BALB\/c mice and absent in C57BL\/6 mice. The presence of this variant is accompanied by increased expression of <jats:italic>Pm20d1<\/jats:italic> in brown and white adipose tissues, muscle, liver, and hypothalamus; moreover, it leads to increased cold tolerance and UCP1-independent brown adipose tissue mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of <jats:italic>Pm20d1<\/jats:italic> in brown adipose tissue results in defective cold tolerance in BALB\/c, whereas the brown adipose tissue overexpression of <jats:italic>Pm20d1<\/jats:italic> results in increased cold tolerance in C57BL\/6 mice. In humans, variants of the <jats:italic>PM20D1<\/jats:italic> gene are associated with changes in body mass index, whereas at least one variant in the promoter region is associated with increased body mass index and metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thus, PM20D1 plays a bidirectional role in regulating thermogenesis and body mass, and, at least in part, variants in the promoter region can partially explain the differences in PM20D1 expression and its impact on the metabolic phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01345-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T16:23:18Z","timestamp":1756398198000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bidirectional shifts in Pm20d1 expression impact thermogenesis and metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Marcela R.","family":"Simoes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Gallo-Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Bombassaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Valdivieso-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme A. 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