{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:20:38Z","timestamp":1783603238281,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"GSK Chair in Clinical Pharmacology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010564","name":"Academic Medical Organization of Southwestern Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022602","name":"Children's Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-026-01501-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:54:42Z","timestamp":1778745282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammatory-neurodegenerative crosstalk in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury: a multi-domain plasma proteomic study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Enis","family":"Cela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan R.","family":"Van Nynatten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Tweddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Morello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gediminas","family":"Cepinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas D.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3","volume":"18","author":"A Abdelhak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelhak A, Foschi M, Abu-Rumeileh S, Yue JK, D\u2019Anna L, Huss A, et al. Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(3):158\u201372.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2020.0039","volume":"2","author":"K Abeytunge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abeytunge K, Miller MR, Cameron S, Stewart TC, Alharfi I, Fraser DD, et al. Development of a mortality prediction tool in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Neurotrauma Rep. 2021;2(1):115\u201322.","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"1501_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7283","volume":"38","author":"S Abu Hamdeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abu Hamdeh S, Ciuculete DM, Sarkisyan D, Bakalkin G, Ingelsson M, Schioth HB, et al. Differential DNA methylation of the genes for amyloid precursor protein, tau, and neurofilaments in human traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(12):1679\u201388.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00358-7","volume":"23","author":"CA \u00c5kerlund","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00c5kerlund CA, Holst A, Bhattacharyay S, Stocchetti N, Steyerberg E, Smielewski P, et al. Clinical descriptors of disease trajectories in patients with traumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit (CENTER-TBI): a multicentre observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(1):71\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2410","volume":"30","author":"IM Alharfi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alharfi IM, Stewart TC, Kelly SH, Morrison GC, Fraser DD. Hypernatremia is associated with increased risk of mortality in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30(5):361\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2904","volume":"31","author":"IM Alharfi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alharfi IM, Charyk Stewart T, Al Helali I, Daoud H, Fraser DD. Infection rates, fevers, and associated factors in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(5):452\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001811","volume":"20","author":"TO Alofisan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alofisan TO, Algarni YA, Alharfi IM, Miller MR, Charyk Stewart T, Fraser DD, et al. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe traumatic brain injury in children: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019;20(3):252\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1501_CR8","first-page":"1255","volume":"48","author":"RE Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson RE, Hansson LO, Nilsson O, Dijlai-Merzoug R, Settergren G. High serum S100B levels for trauma patients without head injuries. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(6):1255\u20138 discussion 1258-1260.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02275-6","volume":"141","author":"NJ Ashton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashton NJ, Pascoal TA, Karikari TK, Benedet AL, Lantero-Rodriguez J, Brinkmalm G, et al. Plasma p-tau231: a new biomarker for incipient Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2021;141(5):709\u201324.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1501_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(18):10970.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810970"},{"issue":"8","key":"1501_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182975e2f","volume":"14","author":"MJ Bell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bell MJ, Adelson PD, Hutchison JS, Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Vavilala MS, et al. Differences in medical therapy goals for children with severe traumatic brain injury\u2014an international study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013;14(8):811\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4333","volume":"34","author":"T Bogoslovsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bogoslovsky T, Wilson D, Chen Y, Hanlon D, Gill J, Jeromin A, et al. Increases of plasma levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, tau, and amyloid \u03b2 up to 90 days after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(1):66\u201373.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0134","volume":"129","author":"AR Brisson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brisson AR, Matsui D, Rieder MJ, Fraser DD. Translational research in pediatrics: tissue sampling and biobanking. Pediatrics. 2012;129(1):153\u201362.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"22","key":"1501_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3736","volume":"32","author":"JE Buonora","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buonora JE, Mousseau M, Jacobowitz DM, Lazarus RC, Yarnell AM, Olsen CH, et al. Autoimmune profiling reveals Peroxiredoxin 6 as a candidate traumatic brain injury biomarker. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(22):1805\u201314.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-025-01430-2","volume":"33","author":"E Caceres","year":"2025","unstructured":"Caceres E, Divani AA, Olivella-Gomez J, Di Napoli M, Reyes LF. Interleukin-6 and its association with outcome in traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2025;33(1):131.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/85064","volume":"4","author":"H Cai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cai H, Wang Y, McCarthy D, Wen H, Borchelt DR, Price DL, et al. BACE1 is the major beta-secretase for generation of Abeta peptides by neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4(3):233\u20134.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1501_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cammisa I, Malavolta E, Sodero G, Rigante D, Cipolla C. Endocrine Dysfunctions After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Present Insights and Future Directions. Children (Basel). 2025;12(11):1484.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12111484"},{"key":"1501_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capossela L, Gatto A, Ferretti S, Di Sarno L, Graglia B, Massese M, Soligo M, Chiaretti A. Multifaceted Roles of Nerve Growth Factor: A Comprehensive Review with a Special Insight into Pediatric Perspectives. Biology (Basel). 2024;13(7):546.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13070546"},{"key":"1501_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747324","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.747324","volume":"12","author":"D Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen D, Tang TX, Deng H, Yang XP, Tang ZH. Interleukin-7 biology and its effects on immune cells: mediator of generation, differentiation, survival, and homeostasis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:747324.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab004","volume":"6","author":"M Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen M, Ren AH, Prassas I, Soosaipillai A, Lim B, Fraser DD, et al. Plasma protein profiling by proximity extension assay technology reveals novel biomarkers of traumatic brain injury-a pilot study. J Appl Lab Med. 2021;6(5):1165\u201378.","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"1501_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen M, Soosaipillai A, Fraser DD, Diamandis EP. Discovery of novel plasma biomarker ratios to discriminate traumatic brain injury. F1000Res. 2019;8:1695.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20445.1"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2007.07.016","volume":"12","author":"A Chiaretti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chiaretti A, Antonelli A, Riccardi R, Genovese O, Pezzotti P, Di Rocco C, et al. Nerve growth factor expression correlates with severity and outcome of traumatic brain injury in children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2008;12(3):195\u2013204.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1501_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000342462.51073.06","volume":"72","author":"A Chiaretti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chiaretti A, Barone G, Riccardi R, Antonelli A, Pezzotti P, Genovese O, et al. NGF, DCX, and NSE upregulation correlates with severity and outcome of head trauma in children. Neurology. 2009;72(7):609\u201316.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1501_CR24","first-page":"248","volume":"43","author":"AC Chiollaz","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chiollaz AC, Pouillard V, Seiler M, Habre C, Romano F, Ritter Schenk C, et al. IL6 in combination with either NfL, NTproBNP, or GFAP to safely discharge children with mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2026;43(3\u20134):248\u201358.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2020.151911","volume":"225","author":"A Ciechanowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ciechanowska A, Popiolek-Barczyk K, Pawlik K, Ciapala K, Oggioni M, Mercurio D, et al. Changes in macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) family members expression induced by traumatic brain injury in mice. Immunobiology. 2020;225(3):151911.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"1501_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppens S, Lehmann S, Hopley C, Hirtz C. Neurofilament-light, a promising biomarker: analytical, metrological and clinical challenges. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(14):11624.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411624"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR27","first-page":"209","volume":"9","author":"M Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui M, Deng F, Disis ML, Cheng C, Zhang L. Advances in the clinical application of high-throughput proteomics. Explor Res Hypothesis Med. 2024;9(3):209\u201320.","journal-title":"Explor Res Hypothesis Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.01.008","volume":"53","author":"M Daley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daley M, Cameron S, Ganesan SL, Patel MA, Stewart TC, Miller MR, et al. Pediatric severe traumatic brain injury mortality prediction determined with machine learning-based modeling. Injury. 2022;53(3):992\u20138.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"1501_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.03.045","volume":"91","author":"MC Dewan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Mummareddy N, Wellons JC III, Bonfield CM. Epidemiology of global pediatric traumatic brain injury: qualitative review. World Neurosurg. 2016;91:497\u2013509 e491.","journal-title":"World Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3040","volume":"31","author":"R Diaz-Arrastia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diaz-Arrastia R, Wang KK, Papa L, Sorani MD, Yue JK, Puccio AM, et al. Acute biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: relationship between plasma levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(1):19\u201325.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6348","volume":"37","author":"G Edwards 3rd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edwards G 3rd, Zhao J, Dash PK, Soto C, Moreno-Gonzalez I. Traumatic brain injury induces Tau aggregation and spreading. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(1):80\u201392.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1501_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832345","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1832345","volume":"2020","author":"AK Erenler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erenler AK, Baydin A. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) as a diagnostic and prognostic factor in traumatic brain injury. Emerg Med Int. 2020;2020:1832345.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Int"},{"key":"1501_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farre-Alins V, Palomino-Antolin A, Narros-Fernandez P, Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Decouty-Perez C, Munoz-Montero A, Zamorano-Fernandez J, Mansilla-Fernandez B, Giner-Garcia J, Garcia-Feijoo P, et al. Serum Amyloid A1\/Toll-Like Receptor-4 Axis, an Important Link between Inflammation and Outcome of TBI Patients. Biomedicines. 2021;9(6):599.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060599"},{"key":"1501_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.01.044","volume":"480","author":"MJ Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng MJ, Ning WB, Wang W, Lv ZH, Liu XB, Zhu Y, et al. Serum S100A12 as a prognostic biomarker of severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta. 2018;480:84\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42834-x","volume":"14","author":"W Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng W, Beer JC, Hao Q, Ariyapala IS, Sahajan A, Komarov A, et al. NULISA: a proteomic liquid biopsy platform with attomolar sensitivity and high multiplexing. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):7238.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1501_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00685","volume":"8","author":"AA Figaji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Figaji AA. Anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults relevant to traumatic brain injury and the implications for clinical assessment and care. Front Neurol. 2017;8:685.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1501_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000063313.57292.00","volume":"60","author":"G Franz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Franz G, Beer R, Kampfl A, Engelhardt K, Schmutzhard E, Ulmer H, et al. Amyloid beta 1-42 and tau in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2003;60(9):1457\u201361.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181e8b32d","volume":"12","author":"DD Fraser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fraser DD, Close TE, Rose KL, Ward R, Mehl M, Farrell C, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury in children elevates glial fibrillary acidic protein in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12(3):319\u201324.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"38","key":"1501_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22363","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022363","volume":"99","author":"W Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao W, Zhang Z, Lv X, Wu Q, Yan J, Mao G, et al. Neurofilament light chain level in traumatic brain injury: a system review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(38):e22363.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1501_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00244","volume":"8","author":"JM Garcia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia JM, Stillings SA, Leclerc JL, Phillips H, Edwards NJ, Robicsek SA, et al. Role of Interleukin-10 in acute brain injuries. Front Neurol. 2017;8:244.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1501_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1181","volume":"131","author":"C Gillio-Meina","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gillio-Meina C, Cepinskas G, Cecchini EL, Fraser DD. Translational research in pediatrics II: blood collection, processing, shipping, and storage. Pediatrics. 2013;131(4):754\u201366.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"1501_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.04.003","volume":"36","author":"S Gyoneva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gyoneva S, Ransohoff RM. Inflammatory reaction after traumatic brain injury: therapeutic potential of targeting cell-cell communication by chemokines. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015;36(7):471\u201380.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11030789","volume":"11","author":"T Hamza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hamza T, Barnett JB, Li B. Interleukin 12 a key immunoregulatory cytokine in infection applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(3):789\u2013806.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0079","volume":"24","author":"AS Haqqani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haqqani AS, Hutchison JS, Ward R, Stanimirovic DB. Protein biomarkers in serum of pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury identified by ICAT\u2013LC-MS\/MS. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(1):54\u201374.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1501_CR45","unstructured":"Haydel MJ, Weisbrod LJ, Saeed W. Pediatric Head Trauma. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): 2026. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK537029\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-014-9986-7","volume":"21","author":"E Hochstadter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hochstadter E, Stewart TC, Alharfi IM, Ranger A, Fraser DD. Subarachnoid hemorrhage prevalence and its association with short-term outcome in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):505\u201313.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1501_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05604-5","volume":"183","author":"H Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang H, Fu G, Lu S, Chen S, Huo J, Ran Y, et al. Plasma profiles of inflammatory cytokines in children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;183(8):3359\u201368.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1501_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.01054","volume":"11","author":"NA Huebschmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huebschmann NA, Luoto TM, Karr JE, Berghem K, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, et al. Comparing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in serum and plasma following mild traumatic brain injury in older adults. Front Neurol. 2020;11:1054.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1501_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain E, Prokop JW, Nonnemacher E, Ashrafi N, Yilmaz A, Mimi RA, Khalid A, Krinickis K, Lomeikaite V, Sanfilippo L. The molecular architecture of severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: integrated omics reveal therapeutic pathways. Critical Care. 2025;30(1):23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05789-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2808","volume":"11","author":"VE Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH. Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-beta pathology: a link to Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(5):361\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1501_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23732","volume":"94","author":"A Jullienne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jullienne A, Obenaus A, Ichkova A, Savona-Baron C, Pearce WJ, Badaut J. Chronic cerebrovascular dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res. 2016;94(7):609\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"1501_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2025.101208","volume":"28","author":"C Jungar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jungar C, Alinder E, Becker C, Moseby-Knappe M, Lybeck A. Hemolysis correction factor in the reporting of serum neuron-specific enolase - clinical utility in neuroprognostication after cardiac arrest. Resusc plus. 2026;28:101208.","journal-title":"Resusc plus"},{"issue":"4","key":"1501_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.119","volume":"523","author":"D Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang D, Kim HR, Kim KK, Kim DH, Jeong B, Jin S, et al. Brain-specific chemokine FAM19A5 induces hypothalamic inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;523(4):829\u201334.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1501_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978423","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.978423","volume":"13","author":"A Katsumoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Katsumoto A, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Bemiller SM, Xu G, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 deficiency exacerbates injury-induced inflammation in a mouse model of tauopathy. Front Immunol. 2022;13:978423.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1501_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173026","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/173026","volume":"2014","author":"AA Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan AA, Sandhya VK, Singh P, Parthasarathy D, Kumar A, Advani J, et al. Signaling network map of endothelial TEK tyrosine kinase. J Signal Transduct. 2014;2014:173026.","journal-title":"J Signal Transduct"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001737","volume":"20","author":"PM Kochanek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Bell MJ, Adelson PD, Carney N, Vavilala MS, et al. Management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury: 2019 consensus and guidelines-based algorithm for first and second tier therapies. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019;20(3):269\u201379.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-025-02960-1","volume":"51","author":"T Kolsto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kolsto T, Werner D, Thorsen K, Weber C. Pediatric moderate and severe traumatic brain injury - a national, population-based cohort study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025;51(1):324.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"1501_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00256-3","volume":"21","author":"FK Korley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korley FK, Jain S, Sun X, Puccio AM, Yue JK, Gardner RC, et al. Prognostic value of day-of-injury plasma GFAP and UCH-L1 concentrations for predicting functional recovery after traumatic brain injury in patients from the US TRACK-TBI cohort: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(9):803\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M507860200","volume":"281","author":"P Kurschat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kurschat P, Bielenberg D, Rossignol-Tallandier M, Stahl A, Klagsbrun M. Neuron restrictive silencer factor NRSF\/REST is a transcriptional repressor of neuropilin-1 and diminishes the ability of semaphorin 3A to inhibit keratinocyte migration. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(5):2721\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02264-2","volume":"18","author":"P Lassaren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lassaren P, Lindblad C, Frostell A, Carpenter KLH, Guilfoyle MR, Hutchinson PJA, et al. Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18(1):221.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1081-8","volume":"19","author":"J Lei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lei J, Gao G, Feng J, Jin Y, Wang C, Mao Q, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in severe traumatic brain injury patients: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):362.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1501_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.02.032","volume":"144","author":"M Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li M, Jia Q, Chen T, Zhao Z, Chen J, Zhang J. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth inhibitor in clinical outcome of traumatic brain injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;144:7\u201313.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1501_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1665","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1665","volume":"14","author":"Z Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Z, Yu S, Li L, Zhou C, Wang L, Tang S, et al. TREM2 alleviates white matter injury after traumatic brain injury in mice might be mediated by regulation of DHCR24\/LXR pathway in microglia. Clin Transl Med. 2024;14(4):e1665.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae305","volume":"148","author":"LM Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li LM, Kodosaki E, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Graham N, Zimmerman K, et al. High-dimensional proteomic analysis for pathophysiological classification of traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2025;148(3):1015\u201330.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1501_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2026.101179","volume":"52","author":"LM Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li LM, Kodosaki E, Xu CJY, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Graham NSN, et al. Systemic inflammation and its associations in acute moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: a cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2026;52:101179.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"1501_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li N, Qiu Y, Wang H, Zhao J, Qing H. PS1 Affects the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease by Regulating BACE1 Distribution in the ER and BACE1 Maturation in the Golgi Apparatus. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(24):16151.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416151"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03503-x","volume":"25","author":"C Lindblad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindblad C, Pin E, Just D, Al Nimer F, Nilsson P, Bellander BM, et al. Fluid proteomics of CSF and serum reveal important neuroinflammatory proteins in blood-brain barrier disruption and outcome prediction following severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective, observational study. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):103.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.013","volume":"96","author":"CC Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu CC, Zhao N, Fu Y, Wang N, Linares C, Tsai CW, et al. ApoE4 Accelerates Early Seeding of Amyloid Pathology. Neuron. 2017;96(5):1024\u201332 e1023.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"19","key":"1501_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa209","volume":"29","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu W, Taso O, Wang R, Bayram S, Graham AC, Garcia-Reitboeck P, et al. Trem2 promotes anti-inflammatory responses in microglia and is suppressed under pro-inflammatory conditions. Hum Mol Genet. 2020;29(19):3224\u201348.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"1501_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X","volume":"21","author":"AIR Maas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT, Abrams M, Akerlund C, Andelic N, et al. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(11):1004\u201360.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1501_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.002","volume":"72","author":"Y Manevich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manevich Y, Hutchens S, Halushka PV, Tew KD, Townsend DM, Jauch EC, et al. Peroxiredoxin VI oxidation in cerebrospinal fluid correlates with traumatic brain injury outcome. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;72:210\u201321.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01588-0","volume":"45","author":"LAS Marzano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marzano LAS, Batista JPT, de Abreu Arruda M, de Freitas Cardoso MG, de Barros JLVM, Moreira JM, et al. Traumatic brain injury biomarkers in pediatric patients: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev. 2022;45(1):167\u201397.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"1501_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6052","volume":"38","author":"CA McFadyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"McFadyen CA, Zeiler FA, Newcombe V, Synnot A, Steyerberg E, Gruen RL, et al. Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism and outcomes from traumatic brain injury: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(8):1124\u201336.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1501_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00556","volume":"7","author":"CA McKee","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKee CA, Lukens JR. Emerging roles for the immune system in traumatic brain injury. Front Immunol. 2016;7:556.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-8-22","volume":"8","author":"AM Miller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miller AM. Role of IL-33 in inflammation and disease. J Inflamm (Lond). 2011;8(1):22.","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"key":"1501_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787480","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.787480","volume":"12","author":"MR Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller MR, Robinson M, Fischer L, DiBattista A, Patel MA, Daley M, et al. Putative concussion biomarkers identified in adolescent male athletes using targeted plasma proteomics. Front Neurol. 2021;12:787480.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1501_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0039","volume":"41","author":"JC Munoz Pareja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Munoz Pareja JC, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Chavez MM, Kerrigan M, Pringle C, Guthrie K, et al. Prognostic and diagnostic utility of serum biomarkers in pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2024;41(1\u20132):106\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"1501_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071594","volume":"20","author":"S Nag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nag S, Manias J, Eubanks JH, Stewart DJ. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-D following brain injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(7):1594.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1501_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524026","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1524026","volume":"16","author":"TB Niewold","year":"2025","unstructured":"Niewold TB, Lehman JS, Gunnarsson I, Meves A, Oke V. Role of interleukin-16 in human diseases: a novel potential therapeutic target. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1524026.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00806-x","volume":"30","author":"MA Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel MA, Fraser DD, Daley M, Cepinskas G, Veraldi N, Grazioli S. The plasma proteome differentiates the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) from children with SARS-CoV-2 negative sepsis. Mol Med. 2024;30(1):51.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.597815","volume":"290","author":"G Richarme","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richarme G, Mihoub M, Dairou J, Bui LC, Leger T, Lamouri A. Parkinsonism-associated protein DJ-1\/Park7 is a major protein deglycase that repairs methylglyoxal- and glyoxal-glycated cysteine, arginine, and lysine residues. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(3):1885\u201397.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1501_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00345","volume":"11","author":"L Riemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riemann L, Zweckberger K, Unterberg A, El Damaty A, Younsi A, Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury I, Participants. Injury causes and severity in pediatric traumatic brain injury patients admitted to the ward or intensive care unit: a collaborative European neurotrauma effectiveness research in traumatic brain injury (CENTER-TBI) study. Front Neurol. 2020;11:345.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02390-5","volume":"19","author":"E Ryan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ryan E, Kelly L, Stacey C, Huggard D, Duff E, McCollum D, et al. Mild-to-severe traumatic brain injury in children: altered cytokines reflect severity. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1):36.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1501_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105310","volume":"108","author":"RJ Samanta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samanta RJ, Chiollaz AC, Needham E, Yue JK, Helmy A, Zanier ER, et al. Parsimonious immune-response endotypes and global outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. EBioMedicine. 2024;108:105310.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.240","volume":"30","author":"BD Semple","year":"2010","unstructured":"Semple BD, Kossmann T, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Role of chemokines in CNS health and pathology: a focus on the CCL2\/CCR2 and CXCL8\/CXCR2 networks. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(3):459\u201373.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1501_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.262","volume":"30","author":"BD Semple","year":"2010","unstructured":"Semple BD, Bye N, Rancan M, Ziebell JM, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Role of CCL2 (MCP-1) in traumatic brain injury (TBI): evidence from severe TBI patients and CCL2\u2212\/\u2212 mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(4):769\u201382.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1501_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696510","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.696510","volume":"12","author":"RO Serpa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Serpa RO, Ferguson L, Larson C, Bailard J, Cooke S, Greco T, et al. Pathophysiology of pediatric traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2021;12:696510.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.10.010","volume":"91","author":"P Shahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahim P, Zetterberg H. Neurochemical markers of traumatic brain injury: relevance to acute diagnostics, disease monitoring, and neuropsychiatric outcome prediction. Biol Psychiatry. 2022;91(5):405\u201312.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1501_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009983","volume":"95","author":"P Shahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahim P, Politis A, Van Der Merwe A, Moore B, Chou Y-Y, Pham DL, et al. Neurofilament light as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2020;95(6):e610\u201322.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-01056-7","volume":"31","author":"P Spagnolo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Spagnolo P, Cela E, Patel MA, Tweddell D, Daley M, Clarson C, et al. Differential expression of plasma proteins and pathway enrichments in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. Mol Med. 2025;31(1):4.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"1501_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stacker SA, Achen MG. Emerging Roles for VEGF-D in Human Disease. Biomolecules. 2018;8(1):1.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8010001"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182a685b0","volume":"75","author":"TC Stewart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stewart TC, Alharfi IM, Fraser DD. The role of serious concomitant injuries in the treatment and outcome of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(5):836\u201342.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1501_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30118-7","volume":"16","author":"N Stocchetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stocchetti N, Carbonara M, Citerio G, Ercole A, Skrifvars MB, Smielewski P, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury: targeted management in the intensive care unit. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(6):452\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1501_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stranges V, Tweddell D, Cela E, Morello M, Daley M, Cepinskas G, Fraser DD. Differential protein expression and enriched pathways in pediatric sepsis: identification of novel brain-associated biomarkers revealed through proteomic profiling. Mol Med. 2025;32(1):14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01397-x"},{"key":"1501_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tenovuo O, Diaz-Arrastia R, Goldstein LE, Sharp DJ, van der Naalt J, Zasler ND. Assessing the Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury-Time for a Change? J Clin Med. 2021;10(1):148.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010148"},{"issue":"5","key":"1501_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.271","volume":"30","author":"O Thau-Zuchman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thau-Zuchman O, Shohami E, Alexandrovich AG, Leker RR. Vascular endothelial growth factor increases neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(5):1008\u201316.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1501_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00300","volume":"8","author":"EP Thelin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thelin EP, Zeiler FA, Ercole A, Mondello S, Buki A, Bellander BM, et al. Serial sampling of serum protein biomarkers for monitoring human traumatic brain injury dynamics: a systematic review. Front Neurol. 2017;8:300.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18942-x","volume":"12","author":"F Theunissen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Theunissen F, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, James I, Bedlack R, Akkari PA. Intronic NEFH variant is associated with reduced risk for sporadic ALS and later age of disease onset. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):14739.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1501_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0207","volume":"41","author":"J Tuure","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuure J, Mohammadian M, Tenovuo O, Blennow K, Hossain I, Hutchinson P, et al. Late blood levels of neurofilament light correlate with outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2024;41(3\u20134):359\u201368.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"1501_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.06.018","volume":"208","author":"K Uryu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uryu K, Chen XH, Martinez D, Browne KD, Johnson VE, Graham DI, et al. Multiple proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axons after brain trauma in humans. Exp Neurol. 2007;208(2):185\u201392.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"1501_CR101","first-page":"S120","volume":"67","author":"PA Walker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walker PA, Harting MT, Baumgartner JE, Fletcher S, Strobel N, Cox CS Jr. Modern approaches to pediatric brain injury therapy. J Trauma. 2009;67(2 Suppl):S120-127.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02994-w","volume":"15","author":"ZY Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang ZY, Du W, Liu XZ, Li Y, Liu J. Elevation of C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels as reliable biomarkers for assessing injury severity and prognosis in traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):18819.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1501_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100793","volume":"55","author":"ZM Weil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weil ZM, Karelina K. Lifelong consequences of brain injuries during development: from risk to resilience. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019;55:100793.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"1501_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2022.100467","volume":"19","author":"ZM Weil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weil ZM, White B, Whitehead B, Karelina K. The role of the stress system in recovery after traumatic brain injury: a tribute to Bruce S. McEwen. Neurobiol Stress. 2022;19:100467.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3617","volume":"15","author":"DN Xanthos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xanthos DN, Sandk\u00fchler J. Neurogenic neuroinflammation: inflammatory CNS reactions in response to neuronal activity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(1):43\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1501_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632679","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1632679","volume":"16","author":"H Yadikar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yadikar H, Kobeissy FH, Robertson C, Tsetsou S, Williamson JB, Lamb DG, et al. Early cerebrospinal fluid elevations of pTau-217 in severe traumatic brain injury subjects. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1632679.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02651-3","volume":"19","author":"J Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Li Z, Tang S, Wang Y, et al. TREM2 activation alleviates neural damage via Akt\/CREB\/BDNF signalling after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1):289.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03094-w","volume":"60","author":"C Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang C, Chen S. Role of TREM2 in the development of neurodegenerative diseases after traumatic brain injury. Mol Neurobiol. 2023;60(1):342\u201354.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1501_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606268","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1606268","volume":"16","author":"S Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang S, Xu Q. Proteomics reveals molecular subtypes in traumatic brain injury patients: new perspectives for precision treatment strategies. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1606268.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00657-7","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu CY, Chen WC, Shi YC, Wang CM, Lin S, et al. Regulation of neuropeptide Y in body microenvironments and its potential application in therapies: a review. Cell Biosci. 2021;11(1):151.","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-021-00739-0","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Yu J, Wang P, Lin L, Liu R, Zeng R, et al. iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling reveals protein alterations after traumatic brain injury and supports thyroxine as a potential treatment. Mol Brain. 2021;14(1):25.","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"1501_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.148907","volume":"1834","author":"T Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao T, Zhou Y, Zhang D, Han D, Ma J, Li S, et al. Inhibition of TREM-1 alleviates neuroinflammation by modulating microglial polarization via SYK\/p38MAPK signaling pathway after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 2024;1834:148907.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1501_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1515\/JBCPP.2003.14.3.217","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Chen H, Zhang K, Yang H, Liu J, Huang Q. Protective effect of nerve growth factor on neurons after traumatic brain injury. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;14(3):217\u201324.","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1501_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738589","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1738589","volume":"17","author":"L Zhu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhu L, Huang S, Chen W, Li K, Sheng J. Cytokines and related signaling pathways in traumatic brain injury. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1738589.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1501_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1175-2","volume":"154","author":"J \u017durek","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u017durek J, Fedora M. The usefulness of S100B, NSE, GFAP, NF-H, secretagogin and Hsp70 as a predictive biomarker of outcome in children with traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir. 2012;154(1):93\u2013103.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"}],"container-title":["Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s10020-026-01501-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10020-026-01501-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10020-026-01501-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:02:51Z","timestamp":1783602171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s10020-026-01501-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10020-026-01501-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-3658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-3658","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Western University, Human Research Ethics Board (REB #s 6970; #100036; # 6963). Our experimental methods were performed in accordance with ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975. Informed written consent was obtained from either participants or their legal guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"105"}}