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The development of targeted therapies has been hampered by insufficient mechanistic insight and the lack of physiologically relevant experimental models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main body<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review comprehensively synthesizes current in vivo and in vitro models for NA, discussing their methodologies, mechanistic fidelity, and translational potential. Murine systems provide flexible genetic and induction platforms; rat models reliably replicate steroid resistance; and equine models spontaneously mimic chronic human disease. Advanced in vitro approaches including air\u2013liquid interface cultures, patient-derived organoids and lung-on-a-chip devices, enable precise study of epithelial barrier dysfunction, immune crosstalk, and personalized drug responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By critically evaluating these tools, our review establishes a foundation for model standardization and underscores their collective role in elucidating NA pathogenesis and advancing precision medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-026-01507-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T01:45:37Z","timestamp":1780278337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neutrophilic asthma: advances in experimental models from pathogenesis to therapeutic translation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jialin","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1507_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16611","volume":"80","author":"I Agache","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agache I, Salazar J, Rodriguez-Tanta Y, Saenz FKF, Haahtela T, Traidl-Hoffmann C, et al. 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