{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T17:55:08Z","timestamp":1794246908293,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeckfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R310-2018-3711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R310-2018-3711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Headache Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paroxysmal nature of migraine is a hallmark of the disease. Some patients report increased attack frequency at certain seasons or towards the end of the week, while others experience diurnal variations of migraine attack onset. This systematic review investigates the chronobiology of migraine and its relation to the periodicity of attacks in existing literature to further understand the oscillating nature of migraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main body<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed and Embase were systematically searched and screened for eligible articles with outcome measures relating to a circadian, weekly or seasonal distribution of migraine attacks.\u00a0We found that the majority of studies reported morning hours (6 am\u201312 pm) as the peak time of onset for migraine attacks. More studies reported Saturday as weekly peak day of attack. There was no clear seasonal variation of migraine due to methodological differences (primarily related to location), however four out of five studies conducted in Norway reported the same yearly peak time indicating a possible seasonal periodicity phenomenon of migraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of the current review suggest a possible role of chronobiologic rhythms to the periodicity of migraine attacks. Future studies are, however, still needed to provide more knowledge of the oscillating nature of migraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01276-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T10:04:13Z","timestamp":1626689053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The chronobiology of migraine: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Amanda Holmen","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaira","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janu","family":"Thuraiaiyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Messoud","family":"Ashina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1276_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashina M (2020) Migraine. N Engl J Med 383(19):1866-1876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1915327"},{"issue":"10127","key":"1276_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30478-1","volume":"391","author":"DW Dodick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dodick DW. Migraine (2018) Lancet 391(10127):1315\u20131330","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"1276_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01018.x","volume":"25","author":"KB Alstadhaug","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alstadhaug KB, Salvesen R, Bekkelund SI (2005) Seasonal variation in migraine. Cephalalgia 25(10):811\u2013816","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"6","key":"1276_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1999.3906398.x","volume":"39","author":"P Torelli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Torelli P, Cologno D, Manzoni GC (1999) Weekend headache: A possible role of work and life-style. Headache 39(6):398\u2013408","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1098-0","volume":"18","author":"M de Tommaso","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Tommaso M, Delussi M (2018) Circadian rhythms of migraine attacks in episodic and chronic patients: A cross sectional study in a headache center population. BMC Neurol 18(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"1276_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Portaluppi F (2017) Circadian mechanisms of 24-hour blood pressure regulation and patterning. Sleep Med Rev [Internet]. 2017;33:4\u201316. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.02.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.02.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31821213d4","volume":"28","author":"T Loddenkemper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loddenkemper T, Lockley SW, Kaleyias J, Kothare SV (2011) Chronobiology of epilepsy: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of chrono-epileptology. J Clin Neurophysiol 28(2):146\u2013153","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1276_CR8","unstructured":"Eurofound (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey \u2013 Overview report (2017 update), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.\u00a0"},{"key":"1276_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"355","author":"G Kecklund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kecklund G, Axelsson J (2016) Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep. BMJ 355:1\u201313","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1276_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan S, Nobili L, Khatami R, Loddenkemper T, Cajochen C, Dijk DJ et al. (2018) Circadian rhythm and epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 17(12):1098\u2013108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30335-1"},{"key":"1276_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Videnovic A, Lazar AS, Barker RA, Overeem S (2014) \u201cThe clocks that time us\u201d - Circadian rhythms in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 10(12):683\u201393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.206"},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12978","volume":"57","author":"K Maasumi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maasumi K, Tepper SJ, Kriegler JS (2017) Menstrual Migraine and Treatment Options. Review Headache 57(2):194\u2013208","journal-title":"Review Headache"},{"issue":"7","key":"1276_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05159.x","volume":"45","author":"L Kelman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kelman L, Rains JC (2005) Headache and sleep: Examination of sleep patterns and complaints in a large clinical sample of migraineurs. Headache 45(7):904\u2013910","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"11","key":"1276_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30322-3","volume":"17","author":"LJ Stovner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stovner LJ, Nichols E, Steiner TJ, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Al-Raddadi RM et al (2018) Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 17(11):954\u2013976","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7716","key":"1276_CR15","first-page":"332","volume":"339","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. BMJ 339(7716):332\u2013336","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"1276_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13131","volume":"57","author":"SI Bekkelund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bekkelund SI, M\u00fcller KI, Wilhelmsen A, Alstadhaug KB (2017) Photophobia and Seasonal Variation of Migraine in a Subarctic Population. Headache 57(8):1206\u20131216","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"8","key":"1276_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00657.x","volume":"24","author":"O Bruni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bruni O, Russo PM, Violani C, Guidetti V (2004) Sleep and migraine: an actigraphic study. Cephalalgia 24(8):134\u2013139","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01804622","volume":"17","author":"JD Gomersall","year":"1973","unstructured":"Gomersall JD, Stuart A (1973) Variations in migraine attacks with changes in weather conditions. Int J Biometeorol 17(3):285\u2013299","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5798-7","volume":"258","author":"J Hoffmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoffmann J, Lo H, Neeb L, Martus P, Reuter U (2011) Weather sensitivity in migraineurs. J Neurol 258(4):596\u2013602","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1276_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5640","volume":"50","author":"K Kimoto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kimoto K, Aiba S, Takashima R, Suzuki K, Takekawa H, Watanabe Y et al (2011) Influence of barometric pressure in patients with migraine headache. Intern Med 50(18):1923\u20131928","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1276_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01239.x","volume":"49","author":"H Lilleng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lilleng H, Bekkelund S (2009) Seasonal variation of migraine in an arctic population. Headache 49(5):721\u2013725","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1276_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park JW, Cho SJ, Park SG, Chu MK (2018) Circadian variations in the clinical presentation of headaches among migraineurs: A study using a smartphone headache diary. Chronobiol Int 35(4):546\u201354","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1420076"},{"issue":"8","key":"1276_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12613","volume":"55","author":"YW Shin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shin YW, Park HJ, Shim JY, Oh MJ, Kim M (2015) Seasonal Variation, Cranial Autonomic Symptoms, and Functional Disability in Migraine: A Questionnaire-Based Study in Tertiary Care. Headache 55(8):1112\u20131123","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"10","key":"1276_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00613.x","volume":"46","author":"S Soriani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Soriani S, Fiumana E, Manfredini R, Boari B, Battistella PA, Canetta E et al (2006) Circadian and seasonal variation of migraine attacks in children. Headache 46(10):1571\u20131574","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01284.x","volume":"27","author":"KB Alstadhaug","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alstadhaug KB, Salvesen R, Bekkelund S (2007) Weekend migraine. Cephalalgia 27(4):343\u2013346","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00779.x","volume":"48","author":"K Alstadhaug","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alstadhaug K, Salvesen R, Bekkelund S (2008) 24-Hour distribution of migraine attacks. Headache 48(1):95\u2013100","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"9","key":"1276_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01828.x","volume":"14","author":"KB Alstadhaug","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alstadhaug KB, Bekkelund S, Salvesen R (2007) Circannual periodicity of migraine? Eur J Neurol 14(9):983\u2013988","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1990.1004189.x","volume":"10","author":"DP Morrison","year":"1990","unstructured":"Morrison DP (1990) Occupational Stress in Migraine is Weekend Headache a Myth or Reality? Cephalalgia 10(4):189\u2013193","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1276_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vgontzas A, Li W, Mostofsky E, Rueschman M, Mittleman MA, Bertisch SM (2020) Associations between migraine attacks and nightly sleep characteristics among adults with episodic migraine: a prospective cohort study. Sleep 43(7):zsaa001","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa001"},{"key":"1276_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang AC, Fuh JL, Huang NE, Shia BC, Wang SJ (2015) Patients with migraine are right about their perception of temperature as a trigger: time series analysis of headache diary data. J Headache Pain 16:49. Available from: \u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-015-0533-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0533-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13065","volume":"139","author":"J Drescher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drescher J, Wogenstein F, Gaul C, Kropp P, Reinel D, Siebenhaar Y et al (2019) Distribution of migraine attacks over the days of the week: Preliminary results from a web-based questionnaire. Acta Neurol Scand 139(4):340\u2013345","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"1276_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00443.x","volume":"46","author":"L Kelman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kelman L (2006) Pain characteristics of the acute migraine attack. Headache 46(6):942\u2013953","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00322.x","volume":"46","author":"PJ Villeneuve","year":"2006","unstructured":"Villeneuve PJ, Szyszkowicz M, Stieb D, Bourque DA (2006) Weather and emergency room visits for migraine headaches in Ottawa, Canada. Headache 46(1):64\u201372","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 3","key":"1276_CR34","first-page":"133","volume":"3","author":"SY Timothy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Timothy SY, Kwanashie HO, Nyandaiti YW, Watila M, Mava Y, Sadiq GU et al (2011) Impact of weather conditions on migraine headache in north-eastern Nigeria. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 3(SUPPL. 3):133\u2013136","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1276_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1990.hed3008511.x","volume":"30","author":"TD Brewerton","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brewerton TD, George MS (1990) A Study of the Seasonal Variation of Migraine. Headache J Head Face Pain 30(8):511\u2013513","journal-title":"Headache J Head Face Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000027","volume":"30","author":"K Caperell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caperell K, Pitetti R (2014) Seasonal variation of presentation for headache in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 30(3):174\u2013176","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3404214.x","volume":"34","author":"L Robbins","year":"1994","unstructured":"Robbins L (1994) Precipitating Factors in Migraine: A Retrospective Review of 494 Patients. Headache J Head Face Pain 34(4):214\u2013216","journal-title":"Headache J Head Face Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2478\/v10001-009-0024-5","volume":"22","author":"M Szyszkowicz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Szyszkowicz M, Kaplan GG, Grafstein E, Rowe BH (2009) Emergency department visits for migraine and headache: A multi-city study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 22(3):235\u2013242","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-005-0201-2","volume":"6","author":"S Gori","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gori S, Morelli N, Maestri M, Fabbrini M, Bonanni E, Murri L (2005) Sleep quality, chronotypes and preferential timing of attacks in migraine without aura. J Headache Pain 6(4):258\u2013260","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.139","volume":"2","author":"J Hoffmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoffmann J, Schirra T, Lo H, Neeb L, Reuter U, Martus P (2015) The influence of weather on migraine - are migraine attacks predictable? Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2(1):22\u201328","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1988.hed2802111.x","volume":"28","author":"A Marrelli","year":"1988","unstructured":"Marrelli A, Marini C, Prencipe M (1988) Seasonal and Meteorological Factors in Primary Headaches. Headache J Head Face Pain 28(2):111\u2013113","journal-title":"Headache J Head Face Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"1276_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1979.hed1907375.x","volume":"19","author":"M Wilkinson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wilkinson M, Woodrow J (1979) Migraine and Weather. Headache J Head Face Pain 19(7):375\u2013378","journal-title":"Headache J Head Face Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-006-0312-4","volume":"7","author":"M Knezevic-Pogancev","year":"2006","unstructured":"Knezevic-Pogancev M (2006) Specific features of migraine syndromein children. J Headache Pain 7(4):206\u2013210","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417698953","volume":"38","author":"WPJ van Oosterhout","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Oosterhout WPJ, van Someren EJW, Schoonman GG, Louter MA, Lammers GJ, Ferrari MD et al (2018) Chronotypes and circadian timing in migraine. Cephalalgia 38(4):617\u2013625","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1276_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02184436","volume":"25","author":"PO Osterman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Osterman PO, L\u00f6vstrand KG, Lundberg PO, Lundquist S, Muhr C (1981) Weekly headache periodicity and the effect of weather changes on headache. Int J Biometeorol 25(1):39\u201345","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"1276_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yilmaz M, Gurger M, Atescelik M, Yildiz M, Gurbuz S (2015) Meteorologic parameters and migraine headache: ED study. Am J Emerg Med 33(3):409\u201313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.056"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1276_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529009059158","volume":"7","author":"P Cugini","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cugini P, Romit A, Di Palma L, Giacovazzo M (1990) Common migraine as a weekly and seasonal headache. Chronobiol Int 7(5\u20136):467\u2013469","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.59.3.326","volume":"59","author":"GD Solomon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Solomon GD (1992) Circadian rhythms and migraine. Cleve Clin J Med 59(3):326\u2013329","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1276_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1998.3806436.x","volume":"38","author":"AW Fox","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fox AW, Davis RL (1998) Migraine chronobiology. Headache 38(6):436\u2013441","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"9","key":"1276_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12953","volume":"56","author":"VT Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin VT, Vij B (2016) Diet and Headache: Part 1. Headache 56(9):1543\u20131552","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"16","key":"1276_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000332","volume":"82","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lipton RB, Buse DC, Hall CB, Tennen H, DeFreitas TA, Borkowski TM et al (2014) Reduction in perceived stress as a migrain. Neurology 82(16):1395\u20131401","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1276_CR52","first-page":"824","volume":"40","author":"R Salvesen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Salvesen R, Bekkelund SI (2000) Migraine, as compared to other headaches, is worse daring midnight-sun summer than during polar night. A questionnaire study in an arctic population. Headache 40(10):824\u2013829","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1276_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller VE, Faurot KR, Palssson OS, MacIntosh BA, Suchindran C, Honvoh G et al (2020) Comparing prospective headache diary and retrospective four-week headache questionnaire over 20 weeks: Secondary data analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Cephalalgia\u00a040(13):1523-1531","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420949180"},{"issue":"13","key":"1276_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419868187","volume":"39","author":"MFP Peres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peres MFP, Valen\u00e7a MM, Amaral FG, Cipolla-Neto J (2019) Current understanding of pineal gland structure and function in headache. Cephalalgia 39(13):1700\u20131709","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1276_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marmura MJ (2018) Triggers, Protectors, and Predictors in Episodic Migraine.\u00a0Curr Pain Headache Rep 22(12):81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0734-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"1276_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050604","volume":"55","author":"K Stoschitzky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stoschitzky K, Sakotnik A, Lercher P, Zweiker R, Maier R, Liebmann P et al (1999) Influence of beta-blockers on melatonin release. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55(2):111\u2013115","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1276_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohdo S, Koyanagi S, Matsunaga N (2019) Chronopharmacological strategies focused on chrono-drug discovery. Pharmacol Ther 202:72\u201390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.05.018"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.06.001","volume":"37","author":"RC Burch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burch RC, Buse DC, Lipton RB. Migraine (2019) Epidemiology, Burden, and Comorbidity. Neurol Clin 37(4):631\u2013649","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"1276_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Logan RW, McClung CA (2019) Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan. Nat Rev Neurosci 20(1):49\u201365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0088-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413507637","volume":"34","author":"KG Vetvik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vetvik KG, MacGregor EA, Lundqvist C, Russell MB (2014) Prevalence of menstrual migraine: A population-based study. Cephalalgia 34(4):280\u2013288","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1276_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/497S10a","volume":"497","author":"M Eisenstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eisenstein M (2013) Stepping out of time. Nature 497:S10\u2013S12","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"1276_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01326.x","volume":"17","author":"JD Johnston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnston JD (2005) Measuring seasonal time within the circadian system: Regulation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei by photoperiod. J Neuroendocrinol 17(7):459\u2013465","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25697","volume":"87","author":"LH Schulte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schulte LH, Mehnert J, May A (2020) Longitudinal Neuroimaging over 30 Days: Temporal Characteristics of Migraine. Ann Neurol 87(4):646\u2013651","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1276_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww097","volume":"139","author":"LH Schulte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schulte LH, May A (2016) The migraine generator revisited: Continuous scanning of the migraine cycle over 30 days and three spontaneous attacks. Brain 139(7):1987\u20131993","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"13","key":"1276_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419867280","volume":"39","author":"A May","year":"2019","unstructured":"May A, Burstein R (2019) Hypothalamic regulation of headache and migraine. Cephalalgia 39(13):1710\u20131719","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"13","key":"1276_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05322.x","volume":"273","author":"SR Pandi-Perumal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Maestroni GJM, Cardinali DP, Poeggeler B, Hardeland R (2006) Melatonin: Nature\u2019s most versatile biological signal? FEBS J 273(13):2813\u20132838","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1276_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.04.001","volume":"85","author":"SR Pandi-Perumal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Maestroni GJM, Zisapel N et al (2008) Physiological effects of melatonin: Role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways. Prog Neurobiol 85(3):335\u2013353","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"7063","key":"1276_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04284","volume":"437","author":"CB Saper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J (2005) Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature 437(7063):1257\u20131263","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1276_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liampas I, Siokas V, Brotis A, Vikelis M, Dardiotis E (2020) Endogenous Melatonin Levels and Therapeutic Use of Exogenous Melatonin in Migraine: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Headache\u00a060(7):1273-1299.","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13828"},{"issue":"5","key":"1276_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008740","volume":"94","author":"SM Bertisch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertisch SM, Li W, Buettner C, Mostofsky E, Rueschman M, Kaplan ER et al (2020) Nightly sleep duration, fragmentation, and quality and daily risk of migraine. Neurology 94(5):e489\u2013e496","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1276_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.00094.x","volume":"7","author":"I Christiansen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christiansen I, Daugaard D, Thomsen LL, Olesen J (2000) Glyceryl trinitrate induced headache in migraineurs - Relation to attack frequency. Eur J Neurol 7(4):405\u2013411","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1276_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanagaite J, Pareja J, St\u00f8ren O, White L, Sanc T, Stovner LJ (1997) Light-induced discomfort and pain in migraine. Cephalalgia\u00a0(7):733-41","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1707733.x"},{"issue":"23","key":"1276_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000440604.28014.b3","volume":"81","author":"A Hougaard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hougaard A, Amin FM, Hauge AW, Ashina M, Olesen J (2013) Provocation of migraine with aura using natural trigger factors. Neurology 81(23):2057","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"1276_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418784750","volume":"39","author":"R Noseda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noseda R, Copenhagen D, Burstein R (2019) Current understanding of photophobia, visual networks and headaches. Cephalalgia 39(13):1623\u20131634","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Headache and Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10194-021-01276-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s10194-021-01276-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10194-021-01276-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T06:16:43Z","timestamp":1699251403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s10194-021-01276-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-021-01276-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1129-2369","1129-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1129-2369","type":"print"},{"value":"1129-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"MA is a consultant, speaker or scientific advisor for AbbVie\/Allergan, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, and Teva, and primary investigator for ongoing AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly and Lundbeck trials. MA has no ownership interest and does not own stocks of any pharmaceutical company. MA serves as associate editor of <i>Cephalalgia<\/i>, associate editor of the <i>Journal of Headache and Pain<\/i>. MA is president of the International Headache Society.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"76"}}