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The goal of this study was to interrogate whether speech changes can be detected in subjects with post-traumatic headache (PTH) attributed to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and whether there are within-subject changes in speech during headaches compared to the headache-free state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a series of speech elicitation tasks uploaded via a mobile application, PTH subjects and healthy controls (HC) provided speech samples once every 3 days, over a period of 12\u2009weeks. The following speech parameters were assessed: vowel space area, vowel articulation precision, consonant articulation precision, average pitch, pitch variance, speaking rate and pause rate. Speech samples of subjects with PTH were compared to HC. To assess speech changes associated with PTH, speech samples of subjects during headache were compared to speech samples when subjects were headache-free. All analyses were conducted using a mixed-effect model design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal speech samples were collected from nineteen subjects with PTH (mean age\u2009=\u200942.5, SD\u2009=\u200913.7) who were an average of 14\u2009days (SD\u2009=\u200932.2) from their mTBI at the time of enrollment and thirty-one HC (mean age\u2009=\u200938.7, SD\u2009=\u200912.5). Regardless of headache presence or absence, PTH subjects had longer pause rates and reductions in vowel and consonant articulation precision relative to HC. On days when speech was collected during a headache, there were longer pause rates, slower sentence speaking rates and less precise consonant articulation compared to the speech production of HC. During headache, PTH subjects had slower speaking rates yet more precise vowel articulation compared to when they were headache-free.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to HC, subjects with acute PTH demonstrate altered speech as measured by objective features of speech production. For individuals with PTH, speech production may have been more effortful resulting in slower speaking rates and more precise vowel articulation during headache vs. when they were headache-free, suggesting that speech alterations were related to PTH and not solely due to the underlying mTBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01296-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1627045382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Altered speech patterns in subjects with post-traumatic headache due to mild traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9035-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine D.","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Dumkrieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Stegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Liss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Schwedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suren","family":"Jayasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Visar","family":"Berisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1296_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2019.316","volume":"47","author":"J-J Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park J-J, Kim SJ, Kim HY et al (2020) Migraine with Aura as a Stroke Mimic. 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All subjects completed written informed consent prior to study participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Simona Nikolova, Katherine Ross, Suren Jayasuriya, Jianwei Zhang, Teresa Wu and Jing Li, declare no competing interests. Gina Dumkrieger declares research funding from Amgen. Catherine Chong has received research funding from Amgen, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the National Institutes of Health. Julie Liss is co-founder and has equity in Aural Analytics, Inc. Gabriella Stegmann is an employee at Aural Analytics, Inc. Within the last 12\u2009months, Todd Schwedt has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Allergan, Biohaven, Click Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Equinox, Lundbeck, Novartis, and Tonix. He has stock options in Aural Analytics and Nocira. He has received royalties from UpToDate. He has received research funding from: Amgen, American Migraine Foundation, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and U.S. Department of Defense. He serves on the Board of Directors for the American Headache Society and the International Headache Society. Visar Berisha is co-founder and has equity in Aural Analytics, Inc.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"82"}}