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The clinical presentation of FHM2 with mutations in the same gene varies from pure FHM to severe forms with epilepsy and intellectual disability, but the correlation of these symptoms with different\n                      <jats:italic>ATP1A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations is still unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten\n                      <jats:italic>ATP1A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      missense mutations were selected according to different phenotypes of FHM patients. They caused pure FHM (FHM: R65W, R202Q, R593W, G762S), FHM with epilepsy (FHME: R548C, E825K, R938P), or FHM with epilepsy and intellectual disability (FHMEI: T378N, G615R, D718N). After ouabain resistance and fluorescence modification, plasmids carrying those mutations were transiently transfected into HEK293T and HeLa cells. The biochemical functions were studied including cell survival assays, membrane protein extraction, western blotting, and Na\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -ATPase activity tests. The electrophysiological functions of G762S, R938P, and G615R mutations were investigated in HEK293T cells using whole-cell patch-clamp. Homology modeling was performed to determine the locational distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>ATP1A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with wild-type pumps, all mutations showed a similar level of protein expression and decreased cell viability in the presence of 1 \u00b5M ouabain, and there was no significant difference among the mutant groups. The changes in Na\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -ATPase activity were correlated with the severity of FHM phenotypes. In the presence of 100 \u00b5M ouabain, the Na\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -ATPase activity was FHM\u2009&gt;\u2009FHME\u2009&gt;\u2009FHMEI. The ouabain-sensitive Na\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -ATPase activity of each mutant was significantly lower than that of the wild-type protein, and there was no significant difference among all mutant groups. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in HEK293T cells showed that the ouabain-sensitive pump currents of G615R were significantly reduced, while those of G762S and R938P were comparable to those of the wild-type strain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>ATP1A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations cause phenotypes ranging from pure FHM to FHM with epilepsy and intellectual disability due to varying degrees of deficits in biochemical and electrophysiological properties of Na\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -ATPase. Mutations associated with intellectual disability presented with severe impairment of Na\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      -ATPase. Whether epilepsy is accompanied, or the type of epilepsy did not seem to affect the degree of impairment of pump function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01309-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T06:03:43Z","timestamp":1628748223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Functional correlation of ATP1A2 mutations with phenotypic spectrum: from pure hemiplegic migraine to its variant forms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yingji","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengfa","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruozhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3961-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengyuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1309_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","volume":"38","author":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS)","year":"2018","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS)\u00a0 (2018) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. 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