{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:04:06Z","timestamp":1791475446962,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013860","name":"Deutsche Migr\u00e4ne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Eye on Vision Foundation"},{"name":"Baasch Medicus Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008426","name":"Friedrich-Baur-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Headache Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with visual snow syndrome (VSS) suffer from a debilitating continuous (\u201cTV noise-like\u201d) visual disturbance. They report problems with vision at night and palinopsia despite normal visual acuity. The underlying pathophysiology of VSS is largely unknown. Currently, it is a clinical diagnosis based on the patient\u2019s history, an objective test is not available. Here, we tested the hypothesis that patients with VSS have an increased threshold for detecting visual contrasts at particular temporal frequencies by measuring dynamic contrast detection-thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty patients with VSS were compared to age-, gender-, migraine- and aura-matched controls in this case-control study. Subjects were shown bars randomly tilted to the left or right, flickering at six different frequencies (15\u2009Hz, 20\u2009Hz, 25\u2009Hz, 30\u2009Hz, 35\u2009Hz, 40\u2009Hz). The contrast threshold (CT) for detection of left or right tilt was measured in a two-alternative adaptive forced-choice procedure (QUEST). The threshold was defined as the Michelson contrast necessary to achieve the correct response in 75% of the cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CT increased for higher flicker frequencies (ANOVA: main effect\n                      <jats:italic>frequency<\/jats:italic>\n                      : F (5,180)\u2009=\u2009942;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with an additional significant\n                      <jats:italic>frequency*diagnosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      interaction (ANOVA: F (5,180)\u2009=\u20095.00;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This interaction effect was due to an increased CT at a flicker frequency of 15\u2009Hz in the VSS cohort (VSS:\n                      <jats:italic>MC<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.17%; controls:\n                      <jats:italic>MC<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.77%). At the other frequencies, group comparisons revealed no differences. Furthermore, in the VSS cohort we observed an increase of CT with higher age (r\u2009=\u20090.69;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), which was not seen in controls (r\u2009=\u20090.30;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.20).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates a lower visual contrast sensitivity exclusively at 15\u2009Hz in VSS patients and demonstrates frequency-dependent differences in dynamic contrast vision. The peak sensitivities of both parvo- and magnocellular visual pathways are close to a frequency of about 10\u2009Hz. Therefore, this frequency seems to be of crucial importance in everyday life. Thus, it seems plausible that the impairment of contrast sensitivity at 15\u2009Hz might be an important pathophysiological correlate of VSS. Furthermore, the overall age-related decrease in contrast sensitivity only in VSS patients underscores the vulnerability of dynamic contrast detection in VSS patients. Dynamic CT detection seems to be a promising neurophysiological test that may contribute to the diagnosis of VSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01355-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1639191751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Age- and frequency-dependent changes in dynamic contrast perception in visual snow syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5299-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozan E.","family":"Eren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Straube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Sch\u00f6berl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Ruscheweyh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Eggert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph J.","family":"Schankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1355_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306827","volume":"85","author":"AC Bessero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bessero AC, Plant GT (2014) Should \u201cvisual snow\u201d and persistence of after-images be recognised as a new visual syndrome? 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All study participants gave written informed consent for participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was obtained from each study participant.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Eren reports grants from the Friedrich-Baur Foundation, Deutsche Migr\u00e4ne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft during the performance of the study and Novartis outside the submitted work.PD Dr. Ruscheweyh reports personal fees and\/or other from Allergan, Novartis, Lilly, Teva and Hormosan outside the submitted work.Prof. Dr. Straube reports personal fees from Allergan, Bayer, Sanofi, Desitin, Electrocore, Eli Lilly, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and grants from the German Research Council, Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius Foundation, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Friedrich-Baur Foundation outside the submitted work.Prof. Dr. Schankin reports grants from Deutsche Migr\u00e4ne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft, Eye on Vision Foundation, Baasch Medicus Foundation during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Novartis, Eli Lilly, TEVA Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, Allergan, Almirall, Amgen, MindMed, Gr\u00fcnenthal outside the submitted work. He is a part-time employee at Zynnon.Dr. F. Sch\u00f6berl declares no conflict of interest.Dr. T. Eggert declares no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"148"}}