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However, pathophysiological events leading to migraine onset and transformation of episodic migraine (EM) to chronic migraine (CM) are not fully understood. Thus, we aimed to assess peripheral levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in EM and CM patients, and controls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From September 2017 to June 2020, 89 subjects were enrolled in a case-control study; 23 and 36 EM and CM patients, respectively, and 30 age and sex-matched controls. Demographic data and medical history were obtained from all patients. Headache characteristics were recorded at baseline visit and ensuing 30 days for persons with migraine disease. Serum levels of NGF, BDNF, VEGF, and PGE2 were measured once for controls and EM and CM patients, and adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum levels of NGF were significantly lower in EM patients compared to controls and CM patients (<jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>value=0.003 and 0.042, respectively). Serum levels of BDNF were significantly lower in EM and CM patients as opposed to controls (<jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>value&lt;0.001), but comparable between EM and CM patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value=0.715). Peripheral blood levels of VEGF were significantly higher in EM and CM patients as opposed to controls (<jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>value&lt;0.001), but not different between EM and CM patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value=0.859). Serum levels of PGE2 were significantly lower in EM patients compared to controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value=0.011), however similar between EM and CM patients (<jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>value=0.086). In migraine patients, serum levels of NGF and PGE2 positively correlated with headache frequency (NGF: \u03c1\u2009=\u20090.476 and <jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>value&lt;0.001; PGE2: \u03c1\u2009=\u20090.286 and <jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>value=0.028), while corresponding levels of BDNF and VEGF did not correlate with headache frequency (BDNF: \u03c1\u2009=\u20090.037 and <jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>value=0.778; VEGF: \u03c1= -0.025 and <jats:italic>P-<\/jats:italic>value=0.850).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings suggest that NGF, BDNF, PGE2, and VEGF may play a significant role in migraine pathogenesis and\/or chronification, and therefore might bear potential value for novel targeted abortive and prophylactic migraine therapy. Further prospective cohort studies with larger sample sizes can more robustly evaluate the implications of these findings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01377-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T12:05:14Z","timestamp":1641470714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Assessment of peripheral biomarkers potentially involved in episodic and chronic migraine: a case-control study with a focus on NGF, BDNF, VEGF, and PGE2"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mozafarihashjin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9368-6835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansoureh","family":"Togha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Farbod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pegah","family":"Rafiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Martami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1377_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13301","volume":"58","author":"R Agosti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agosti R (2018) Migraine Burden of Disease: From the Patient\u2019s Experience to a Socio-Economic View. 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