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Furthermore, extensive research has identified photophobia as the most common and most bothersome symptom in individuals with migraine, second only to headache. Seeking the comfort of darkness is a common strategy for managing pain during an attack and preventing its recurrence between episodes. Given the well-established effects of daily light exposure on circadian activity rhythms and sleep quality, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between photophobia symptoms and sleep quality in a cohort of patients with migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using existing data extracted from the American Registry for Migraine Research (ARMR). Participants with a migraine diagnosis who had completed the baseline questionnaires (Photosensitivity Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2)), and selected questions of the ARMR Sleep questionnaire were included. Models were created to describe the relationship of photophobia and photophilia with various sleep facets, including sleep quality (SQ), sleep disturbance (SDis), sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep-related impairments (SRI), and insomnia. Each model was controlled for age, sex, headache frequency, anxiety, and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 852 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis (mean age (SD)\u2009=\u200949.8 (13.9), 86.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009738) female). Those with photophobia exhibited significantly poorer sleep quality compared to patients without photophobia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Photophobia scores were associated with SQ (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), SDis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), SOL (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011), SRI (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020), and insomnia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) after controlling for age, sex, headache frequency, depression, and anxiety, signifying that higher levels of photophobia were associated with worse sleep-related outcomes. Conversely, photophilia scores were associated with better sleep-related outcomes for SQ (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.007), SOL (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010), and insomnia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggest that photophobia is a significant predictor of poor sleep quality and sleep disturbances in migraine. These results underscore the necessity for comprehensive and systematic investigations into the intricate interplay between photophobia and sleep to enhance our understanding and develop tailored solutions for individuals with migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01756-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T10:01:52Z","timestamp":1712916112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Photophobia is associated with lower sleep quality in individuals with migraine: results from the American Registry for Migraine Research (ARMR)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"Sharp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J","family":"Burish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen B","family":"Digre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ailani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahya","family":"Fani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Lamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Schwedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1756_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32162-0","volume":"397","author":"M Ashina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashina M, Terwindt GM, Al-Karagholi MA-M et al (2021) Migraine: disease characterisation, biomarkers, and precision medicine. 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All research participants completed and signed an informed consent document.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors approved the publication of this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Nina Sharp, Kathleen B Digre , Mahya Fani, and Sophia Lamp declare no competing interests. Within the prior 24 months, Todd Schwedt has received compensation for consulting with Abbvie, Allergan, Amgen, Axsome, Biodelivery Science, Biohaven, Collegium, Eli Lilly, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Satsuma, Scilex, and Theranica, royalties from Up To Date, and research funding from American Heart Association, Amgen, National Institutes of Health, Mayo Clinic, Spark Neuro, and United States Department of Defense. He holds stock options in Aural Analytics and GBS Ventures. Mark Burish was a consultant for Beckley Psytech limited, Lundbeck, Praxis Precision Medicines, and PureTech Health. He was a site investigator for a cluster headache clinical trial funded by Lundbeck. He was a paid guest for a video podcast by the American Academy of Neurology. He is an unpaid member of the medical advisory board of Clusterbusters. Jessica Ailani has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, Aeon, Axsome, Dr. Reddy, Eli-Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Linpharma, Ipsen, Merz, Miravio, Pfizer, Neurolief, Gore, Satsuma, Scilex, Theranica, and Toni. She has had grants to her institution for clinical trials by Parema and Ipsen and has served on the editorial board for Current Pain and Headache Reports and Medscape and served as a medical editor for SELF magazine.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"55"}}