{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:16:00Z","timestamp":1790198160387,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research","award":["RP-PG-1212-20018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-1212-20018"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research","award":["RP-PG-1212-20018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-1212-20018"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research","award":["RP-PG-1212-20018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-1212-20018"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research","award":["RP-PG-1212-20018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-1212-20018"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research","award":["RP-PG-1212-20018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-1212-20018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Headache Pain"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Chronic headache disorders are disabling. The CHESS trial studied the effects of a short non-pharmacological intervention of education with self-management support for people affected by migraine and\/or tension type headache for at least 15 days per month for at least three months. There were no statistically significant effects on the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) at 12-months. However, we observed improvement in pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) and short-term HIT-6. We explored the impact of the CHESS intervention on PSEQ, and subsequently, on the HIT-6 and chronic headache quality of life questionnaire (CH-QLQ) at four, eighth and 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We included all 736 participants from the CHESS trial. We used simple linear regression models to explore the change of HIT-6 and CH-QLQ with treatment and PSEQ at baseline (predictor analysis), and the interaction between treatment and baseline PSEQ (moderator analysis). We considered the change of PSEQ from baseline to four months as a mediator in the mediation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Baseline PSEQ neither predicted nor moderated outcomes. The prediction effect on change of HIT-6 from baseline to 12 months was 0.01 (95% CI, -0.03 to 0.04) and the interaction (moderation) effect was \u22120.07 (95% CI, -0.15 to 0.002). However, the change of PSEQ from baseline to 4-month mediated the HIT-6 (baseline to 8-, and 12-month) and all components of CH-QLQ (baseline to 8-, and 12-month). The CHESS intervention improved the mediated variable, PSEQ, by 2.34 (95% CI, 0.484 to 4.187) units and this corresponds to an increase of 0.21 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.45) units in HIT-6 at 12-months. The largest mediated effect was observed on the CH-QLQ Emotional Function, an increase of 1.12 (95% CI, 0.22 to 2.20).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PSEQ was not an effective predictor of outcome. However, change of short-term PSEQ mediated all outcomes, albeit minimally. Future behavioural therapy for chronic headache may need to consider how to achieve larger, and more sustained increases level of self-efficacy than that achieved within the CHESS trial.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ISRCTN79708100.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01768-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T23:02:12Z","timestamp":1715727732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Does pain self-efficacy predict, moderate or mediate outcomes in people with chronic headache; an exploratory analysis of the CHESS trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Siew Wan","family":"Hee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harbinder","family":"Sandhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjit S.","family":"Matharu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the CHESS Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Achana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Carnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Eldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Ellard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances E.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstie","family":"Haywood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siew Wan","family":"Hee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjit S. Matharu Dipesh","family":"Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hema","family":"Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivien P.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Padfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Petrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Pincus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harbinder","family":"Sandhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J. C.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1768_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01696-w","volume":"24","author":"S Naghdi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naghdi S, Underwood M, Madan J, Brown A, Duncan C, Matharu M et al (2023) Clinical effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for managing chronic migraine in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Headache Pain 24(1):164","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"1768_CR2","first-page":"CD012295","volume":"7","author":"L Sharpe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharpe L, Dudeney J, Williams ACC, Nicholas M, McPhee I, Baillie A et al (2019) Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7(7):CD012295","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1768_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.12.001","volume":"116","author":"ES Kristoffersen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kristoffersen ES, Lundqvist C, Russell MB (2019) Illness perception in people with primary and secondary chronic headache in the general population. J Psychosom Res 116:83\u201392","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1768_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419876909","volume":"40","author":"ML Westergaard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Westergaard ML, Lau CJ, Allesoe K, Gjendal ST, Jensen RH (2020) Monitoring chronic headache and medication-overuse headache prevalence in Denmark. Cephalalgia 40(1):6\u201318","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"3","key":"1768_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417699180","volume":"38","author":"V Henning","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henning V, Katsarava Z, Obermann M, Moebus S, Schramm S (2018) Remission of chronic headache: Rates, potential predictors and the role of medication, follow-up results of the German Headache Consortium (GHC) Study. Cephalalgia 38(3):551\u2013560","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"12","key":"1768_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019929","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019929","volume":"7","author":"VP Nichols","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nichols VP, Ellard DR, Griffiths FE, Kamal A, Underwood M, Taylor SJC et al (2017) The lived experience of chronic headache: a systematic review and synthesis of the qualitative literature. BMJ Open 7(12):e019929","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1768_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129926","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1129926","volume":"14","author":"S Battista","year":"2023","unstructured":"Battista S, Lazzaretti A, Coppola I, Falsiroli Maistrello L, Rania N, Testa M (2023) Living with migraine: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Front Psychol 14:1129926","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1768_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13385","volume":"58","author":"C Scaratti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scaratti C, Covelli V, Guastafierro E, Leonardi M, Grazzi L, Rizzoli PB et al (2018) A qualitative study on patients with chronic migraine with medication overuse headache: comparing frequent and non-frequent relapsers. Headache 58(9):1373\u20131388","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"8","key":"1768_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017851","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017851","volume":"7","author":"D Palacios-Cena","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palacios-Cena D, Neira-Martin B, Silva-Hernandez L, Mayo-Canalejo D, Florencio LL, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C et al (2017) Living with chronic migraine: a qualitative study on female patients\u2019 perspectives from a specialised headache clinic in Spain. BMJ Open 7(8):e017851","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1768_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1031-y","volume":"20","author":"A Vivekanantham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vivekanantham A, Edwin C, Pincus T, Matharu M, Parsons H, Underwood M (2019) The association between headache and low back pain: a systematic review. J Headache Pain 20(1):82","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"1768_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004112","volume":"89","author":"K Probyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Probyn K, Bowers H, Caldwell F, Mistry D, Underwood M, Matharu M et al (2017) Prognostic factors for chronic headache: a systematic review. Neurology 89(3):291\u2013301","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1768_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","volume":"84","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 84(2):191\u2013215","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1768_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14419","volume":"62","author":"P Henningsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henningsen P, Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Hauser W (2022) Migraine in the context of chronic primary pain, chronic overlapping pain disorders, and functional somatic disorders: a narrative review. Headache 62(10):1272\u20131280","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1768_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Underwood M, Achana F, Carnes D, Eldridge S, Ellard DR, Griffiths F et al Non-pharmacological educational and self-management interventions for people with chronic headache: the CHESS research programme including a RCT. Programme Grants for Applied Research. Southampton (UK)2023.","DOI":"10.3310\/PLJL1440"},{"issue":"13","key":"1768_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1339","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201518","volume":"100","author":"M Underwood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Underwood M, Achana F, Carnes D, Eldridge S, Ellard DR, Griffiths F et al (2023) Supportive self-management program for people with chronic headaches and migraine: a randomized controlled trial and economic evaluation. Neurology 100(13):e1339\u2013e52","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1768_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026119331193","volume":"12","author":"M Kosinski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kosinski M, Bayliss MS, Bjorner JB, Ware JE Jr., Garber WH, Batenhorst A et al (2003) A six-item short-form survey for measuring headache impact: the HIT-6. Qual Life Res 12(8):963\u2013974","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1768_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e033520","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033520","volume":"10","author":"S Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel S, Achana F, Carnes D, Eldridge S, Ellard DR, Griffiths F et al (2020) Usual care and a self-management support programme versus usual care and a relaxation programme for people living with chronic headache disorders: a randomised controlled trial protocol (CHESS). BMJ Open 10(4):e033520","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1768_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellard DR, Nichols VP, Griffiths FE, Underwood M, Taylor SJC (2023) team C. Chronic Headache Education and Self-Management Study (CHESS): a process evaluation. BMC Neurol.;23(1):8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02792-1"},{"issue":"7","key":"1768_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417731348","volume":"38","author":"KL Haywood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haywood KL, Mars TS, Potter R, Patel S, Matharu M, Underwood M (2018) Assessing the impact of headaches and the outcomes of treatment: a systematic review of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Cephalalgia 38(7):1374\u20131386","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"10","key":"1768_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211006045","volume":"41","author":"KL Haywood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haywood KL, Achana F, Nichols V, Pearce G, Box B, Muldoon L et al (2021) Measuring health-related quality of life in chronic headache: a comparative evaluation of the chronic Headache Quality of Life Questionnaire and Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). Cephalalgia 41(10):1100\u20131123","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1768_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0672-5","volume":"19","author":"K White","year":"2019","unstructured":"White K, Potter R, Patel S, Nichols VP, Haywood KL, Hee SW et al (2019) Chronic Headache Education and Self-management study (CHESS) - a mixed method feasibility study to inform the design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Res Methodol 19(1):30","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1768_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0980-5","volume":"20","author":"S Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel S, Potter R, Matharu M, Carnes D, Taylor SJC, Nichols V et al (2019) Development of an education and self-management intervention for chronic headache - CHESS trial (chronic Headache Education and Self-management study). J Headache Pain 20(1):28","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"1768_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.12.008","volume":"11","author":"MK Nicholas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nicholas MK (2007) The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: taking pain into account. Eur J Pain 11(2):153\u2013163","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"1768_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0954-z","volume":"20","author":"R Potter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Potter R, Hee SW, Griffiths F, Dodd K, Hoverd E, Underwood M et al (2019) Development and validation of a telephone classification interview for common chronic headache disorders. J Headache Pain 20(1):2","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"1768_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.02.012","volume":"17","author":"A Chiarotto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiarotto A, Vanti C, Cedraschi C, Ferrari S, de Lima ESRF, Ostelo RW et al (2016) Responsiveness and minimal important change of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and short forms in patients with chronic low back Pain. J Pain 17(6):707\u2013718","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1768_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-116","volume":"8","author":"BC Johnston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnston BC, Thorlund K, Schunemann HJ, Xie F, Murad MH, Montori VM et al (2010) Improving the interpretation of quality of life evidence in meta-analyses: the application of minimal important difference units. Health Qual Life Outcomes 8:116","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"8","key":"1768_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9319","volume":"50","author":"J Martinez-Calderon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martinez-Calderon J, Flores-Cortes M, Morales-Asencio JM, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Luque-Suarez A (2020) Which interventions enhance Pain Self-efficacy in people with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain? A systematic review with Meta-analysis of Randomized controlled trials, including over 12 000 participants. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 50(8):418\u2013430","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"1768_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13420","volume":"58","author":"A Hareendran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hareendran A, Skalicky A, Mannix S, Lavoie S, Desai P, Bayliss M et al (2018) Development of a New Tool for evaluating the benefit of preventive treatments for migraine on functional outcomes - the Migraine Functional Impact Questionnaire (MFIQ). Headache 58(10):1612\u20131628","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"11","key":"1768_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043242","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043242","volume":"11","author":"K Haywood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haywood K, Potter R, Froud R, Pearce G, Box B, Muldoon L et al (2021) Core outcome set for preventive intervention trials in chronic and episodic migraine (COSMIG): an international, consensus-derived and multistakeholder initiative. BMJ Open 11(11):e043242","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1768_CR30","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"1768_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tofighi D, MacKinnon DP (2011) RMediation: An R package for mediation analysis confidence intervals. Behav Res 43, 692\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-011-0076-x","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0076-x"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Headache and Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01768-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01768-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01768-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T23:02:18Z","timestamp":1715727738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01768-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01768-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1129-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1129-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The main trial was approved by North West\u2013 Greater Manchester East Research Ethics Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"SWH is a co-applicant on research projects funded by the NIHR. SP is a coinvestigator on research projects funded by the NIHR. She is the director of a limited company providing pain management and other psychological services. HS is a chief investigator and coinvestigator on research projects funded by the NIHR. She is the director of a limited company providing pain management and other psychological services. MSM reports grants, personal fees, and honorarium for serving on advisory board from AllerganAbbVie, honorarium for serving on advisory board from NovartisPfizer, personal fees and honorarium for serving on advisory board from Eli Lilly, personal fees and honorarium for serving on advisory board from TEVA, grants from Abbott, grants from Medtronic, grants from electroCoreEhlerers Danlos Society, and personal fees and honorarium for serving on advisory board from Salvia, outside the submitted work. He has a patent WO2018051103A1 issued. MU reports grants from NIHR during the conduct of the study; personal fees from NIHR, grants from NIHR, grants from vs. Arthritis, other from Multiple professional conferences, grants from Stryker Ltd, grants from SERCO Ltd, other from Confederation for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA), and personal fees from Clinvivo Ltd, outside the submitted work, and is chief investigator on multiple research grants from Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"77"}}