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We aimed to examine the correlations between iron accumulation and headache frequency, post-concussion symptom severity, number of mTBIs, and time since most recent TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty participants with acute PTH and 60 age-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging including quantitative T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      maps and resting-state functional connectivity imaging. Between group T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      differences were determined using T-tests (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.005, cluster size threshold of 90 voxels). For regions with T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      differences, two analyses were conducted. First, the correlations with clinical variables including headache frequency, number of lifetime mTBIs, time since most recent mTBI, and Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) symptom severity scale scores were investigated using linear regression. Second, the functional connectivity of these regions with the rest of the brain was examined (significance of\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 with family wise error correction for multiple comparisons).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The acute PTH group consisted of 60 participants (22 male, 38 female) with average age of 42\u2009\u00b1\u200914 years. The HC group consisted of 60 age-matched controls (17 male, 43 female, average age of 42\u2009\u00b1\u200913). PTH participants had lower T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      values compared to HC in the left posterior cingulate and the bilateral cuneus. Stronger functional connectivity was observed between bilateral cuneus and right cerebellar areas in PTH compared to HC. Within the PTH group, linear regression showed negative associations of T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      in the left posterior cingulate with SCAT symptom severity score (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05) and T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      in the left cuneus with headache frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Iron accumulation in posterior cingulate and cuneus was observed in those with acute PTH relative to HC; stronger functional connectivity was detected between the bilateral cuneus and the right cerebellum. The correlations of decreased T\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                      (suggesting higher iron content) with headache frequency and post mTBI symptom severity suggest that the iron accumulation that results from mTBI might reflect the severity of underlying mTBI pathophysiology and associate with post-mTBI symptom severity including PTH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01797-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T16:36:29Z","timestamp":1716914189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Brain structural and functional abnormalities associated with acute post-traumatic headache: iron deposition and functional connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Dumkrieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaal","family":"Starling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Schwedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1797_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM et al Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on mild traumatic brain Injury. 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He has received royalties from Up to Date and has held stock options in Aural Analytics and Nocira. He has received research grant support from American Heart Association, Amgen, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Pfizer, Spark Neuro, United States Department of Defense. He serves on the editorial boards of Cephalalgia, Cephalalgia Reports, and the Journal of Headache and Pain. J.L and C.C have received NIH grants for support for research or education. C.C and G.D have received Amgen grant support for research. T.W serves as editor in chief of the Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. A.S has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Allergan, Axsome Therapeutics, eNeura, Everyday Health, Lundbeck, Med-IQ, Medscape, Miller Medical, Satsuma, and WebMD. S.N and K.R have nothing to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"88"}}