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However, there is insufficient high-quality evidence on the association between passive smoking and migraine, which warrants further investigation using animal models. Therefore, using a mouse model, we examined the effect of passive\u00a0smoking on susceptibility to cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), the biological basis of migraine with aura.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifty C57BL\/6 mice (25 males and 25 females) were exposed for one hour to cigarette smoke or room air. Subsequently, potassium chloride (KCl) was administered under isoflurane anesthesia to induce CSD, and the CSD threshold, frequency of induction, and propagation velocity were determined. The threshold to induce CSD (median [interquartile range (IQR)]) was significantly lower in female mice (adjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) in the smoking group (0.05 [0.05, 0.088]) than in the sham group (0.125 [0.1, 0.15]); however, there was no significant difference in the male mice (adjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.77). CSD frequency or propagation velocity did not differ significantly between the two groups for either sex.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Female mice in the smoking group showed lower CSD threshold compared to the sham group, suggesting a potential sex-specific difference in the effect of smoking on the pathogenesis of CSD and migraine with aura. This finding may contribute to the understanding of migraine pathophysiology in association with passive smoking and sex difference.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01867-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T23:04:40Z","timestamp":1727823880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of passive smoking on cortical spreading depolarization in male and female mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Ihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Unekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Iba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizuko","family":"Kagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narumi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shingo","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikane","family":"Izawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shotaro","family":"Chubachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Fukunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10283","key":"1867_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32160-7","volume":"397","author":"M Ashina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashina M, Katsarava Z, Do TP et al (2021) Migraine: epidemiology and systems of care. 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All procedures were performed in accordance with university guidelines and Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) reporting guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article: TT is a consultant\/advisor and\/or serves on an advisory board for Eli Lilly, Otsuka, Amgen, Pfizer, and Teijin and has received speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Otsuka, Amgen, Kowa, Kyowa Kirin, Eisai, UCB Japan, Takeda, and Santen Pharmaceutical and grant\/funding from Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Tsumura outside the submitted work. JN has received honoraria and research scholarships from Amgen, Novartis, and Daiichi Sankyo.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"162"}}