{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T23:44:41Z","timestamp":1781135081258,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bergen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Headache Pain"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have an increased risk of migraine. However, little is known about migraine and other headaches during the prodromal phase (before MS symptom onset). Our objective was to study the risk of migraine in women with MS before MS onset.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A nationwide, prospective cohort study of women participating in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child cohort study 1999\u20132008. The women reported the occurrence of migraine and other headaches prior to or during pregnancy. We identified women who later developed MS through data linkage with national health registries in 2018. We excluded women with an established MS diagnosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009125) and women who had experienced their first clinical symptom of MS, but not yet received an MS diagnosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200991). The reference group comprised all other women in the cohort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200985,292). We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Two hundred and forty-six women developed MS during follow-up. Of these, 116 women had MS symptom onset after 1\u20135\u00a0years, 92 after 6\u201310\u00a0years, and 38 after 10\u00a0years. Migraine was more common among women who developed MS compared to the reference group, 18% vs 11%, aOR 1.6 (1.2\u20132.3), adjusted for age, smoking, socioeconomic status and overweight. The risk of other headaches was similar for women who developed MS compared to the reference group, 29% vs 27%, aOR 1.1 (0.8\u20131.4). Migraine was reported by 21 of 116 (18%) women with <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\le$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> 5\u00a0years until MS symptom onset (aOR 1.7 [1.1\u20132.8]) and 19 of 92 (21%) women with 6\u201310\u00a0years until MS symptom onset (aOR 1.9 [1.1\u20132.8]. Only three of 38 (8%) women with\u2009&gt;\u200910\u00a0years until MS symptom onset reported migraine, aOR 0.7 (0.2\u20132.2).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Women with MS have increased risk of migraine, but not other headaches, up to a decade before the onset of classical MS symptoms. This supports that migraine can be a symptom of the MS prodrome. Special attention in people with migraine may lead to earlier recognition of MS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01941-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T23:02:16Z","timestamp":1734908536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Migraine in the multiple sclerosis prodrome: a prospective nationwide cohort study in pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Karine","family":"Eid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ivind","family":"Torkildsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Aarseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trygve","family":"Holm\u00f8y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell-Morten","family":"Myhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trond","family":"Riise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stig","family":"Wergeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Erik","family":"Gilhus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marte-Helene","family":"Bj\u00f8rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1941_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01889-x","volume":"25","author":"A Raggi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raggi A, Leonardi M, Arruda M, Caponnetto V, Castaldo M, Coppola G et al (2024) Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 - migraine. 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Am J Pathol 191(11):1955\u20131962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.02.007","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Headache and Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01941-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01941-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01941-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:02:08Z","timestamp":1734912128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01941-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-024-01941-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1129-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1129-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The establishment and data collection of MoBa and the MS registry was based on a license from the Norwegian Data Protection Agency and approval from the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC). The MoBa cohort and the MS registry is regulated by the Norwegian Health Registry Act. Ethics approval for the current study was obtained from REC (reference 2016\/906). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants during inclusion in MoBa and the MS Registry, for use of information in research and for data linkage to other registries and databases.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"KE has received honoraria from Novartis. \u00d8T has received speaker honoraria from Teva, Novartis, Merck, Biogen, Sanofi, and Bristol Myers Squibb. JA reports no disclosures. MC has received speaker honoria from Roche. TH has received speaker honoraria from Roche, Novartis, Merck, Biogen, Sanofi and Bristol Myers Squibb. K-MM has served on scientific advisory board for Alexion, received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi, and has participated in clinical trials organized by Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Otivio, Roche and Sanofi. TR reports no disclosures. SW has received speaker honoraria from Novartis, Biogen, and Sanofi. NEG has received speaker\u2019s or consultative honoraria from UCB, Argenx, Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Merck, Alexion, Immunovant, Huma, Denka, Dianthus, Amgen, Grifols and Takeda. M-HB has received fees paid to her institution by valproate market authorization holders for EMA-mandated contract research, personal fees from Eisai, Novartis, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Angelini Pharma, Teva, Lilly, and Lundbeck, and grants from the Research Council of Norway and NordForsk.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"225"}}