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Predicting those at risk is essential for effective management. This study aims to develop and compare time-to-event prediction models for MO\/MOH among patients with migraine, using a cohort from electronic health records (EHRs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prevalent new-user design of real-world data cohort of patients with migraine conducted at Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand, from January 2010 to December 2023. The cohort was constructed using EHR data and incorporated common predictors related to the patient, physician, and treatment. Three time-to-event models were developed: Cox proportional hazards (CPH), random survival forests (RSF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Model performance was evaluated on a hold-out testing dataset using discrimination and calibration. Variable importance in the machine learning models was assessed using Shapley Additive Explanations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 13,082 patients with migraine, with 3,456 identified as experiencing MO\/MOH, indicating an incidence rate [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 56.31 (54.44\u201358.21) per 1,000 patient-years. On the testing dataset, the RSF model achieved a concordance index (C-index) of 0.645 (95% CI: 0.643\u20130.647), slightly outperforming the CPH model\u2019s C-index of 0.635 (95% CI: 0.634\u20130.636). Additionally, the RSF model recorded the lowest integrated brier score (IBS) of 0.193 (95% CI: 0.192\u20130.194), compared to 0.195 (95% CI: 0.194\u20130.196) for the CPH model. The XGBoost model demonstrated lower performance, with a C-index of 0.611 (95% CI: 0.609\u20130.613) and an IBS of 0.197 (95% CI: 0.195\u20130.199). Across all models, clinic type, physician position, and history of MO\/MOH were significant predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a real-world, EHR-derived cohort, we developed time-to-event prediction models incorporating multi-domain predictors to predict MO\/MOH in patients with migraine. Although the models demonstrated only modest discrimination, their performance highlights the potential of CPH and machine learning algorithms in this context. External validation and the incorporation of additional clinical predictors, particularly those embedded in unstructured data, are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-026-02269-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T09:35:37Z","timestamp":1769247337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction of medication overuse in patients with migraine using cox regression and machine learning: a real-world cohort"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Teerapong","family":"Aramruang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawin","family":"Numthavaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panu","family":"Looareesuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thunyarat","family":"Anothaisintawee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patratorn","family":"Kunakorntham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oraluck","family":"Pattanaprateep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charungthai","family":"Dejthevaporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammarin","family":"Thakkinstian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2269_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14103","volume":"61","author":"DC Buse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buse DC, Armand CE, Charleston Lt et al (2021) Barriers to care in episodic and chronic migraine: results from the chronic migraine epidemiology and outcomes study. 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