{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:00:47Z","timestamp":1778907647390,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minufiya University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is a challenging problem in orthopedic practice, with high rates of non-union, refracture, and residual deformities. After union, long-term follow-up is required to manage late post-union complications.\u00a0This study aimed to assess the outcomes of the Ilizarov technique in the management of CPT.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective study included patients with CPT treated with the Ilizarov method between 2005 and 2018. Intramedullary rods were used in 9 cases and iliac bone graft was used in 12 cases. An orthosis was applied till the end of follow-up in all cases. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale was used for the evaluation of the functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study included 16 patients, 11 males and 5 females, with an average age of 5.4\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u00a0years. Seven cases had multiple previous surgeries. Six patients had neurofibromatosis. The mean follow-up period was 5.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4\u00a0years. The average AOFAS score improved significantly from 47.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.6 preoperatively to 78.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.9 at the latest follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Union was achieved in 15 cases, and persistent non-union occurred in one case. The clinical results were excellent in one patient, good in seven cases, fair in 6, and poor in 2 cases. The radiological results were excellent in one patient, good in seven cases, fair in seven, and poor in one case.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Ilizarov technique combined with intramedullary rod and primary or secondary bone graft provides a high union rate of CPT and can achieve simultaneous effective management of problems related to pseudarthrosis, including non-union, deformity, limb shortening, and adjacent joint contracture and subluxation.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Level of evidence<\/jats:italic> Level IV.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-022-00667-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T12:03:44Z","timestamp":1663934624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Functional and radiological outcomes after treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia using the Ilizarov technique: a retrospective single-center study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Ibrahim","family":"Zayda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Kamal","family":"Mesregah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soliman Hassan","family":"Zalalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samy Abdel-Hady","family":"Sakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.104184","volume":"46","author":"H Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah H, Rousset M, Canavese F (2012) Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: management and complications. 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