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Seventy-two patients underwent intercalary liquid nitrogen-frozen autograft reconstruction, and 72 patients underwent intercalary allograft reconstruction in this study. A modified International Society of Limb Salvage classification system was used to evaluate the complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean follow-up time was 60.2\u2009\u00b1\u200932.1 (range, 12\u2013149) months. The mean union time was 9.6\u00a0months in the frozen autograft group and 15.9\u00a0months in the allograft group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The 5-year overall survivorship was 86.8% in the frozen autograft group and 73.2% in the allograft group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017). The average MSTS-93 score was comparable between the two groups (89.7% by autograft versus 87.6% by allograft,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Of the patients, 48.6% (70\/144) had at least one complication. The most common complications were bone nonunion (20.8%, 30\/144), followed by structural failure (17.4%, 25\/144), tumor progression (10.4%, 15\/144), infection (10.4%, 15\/144), and soft tissue failures (5.6%, 8\/144). Higher rates of bone nonunion (type 4B;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and structural failure (type 3B;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) were obtained in the allograft group than in the frozen autograft group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intercalary frozen autografts had shorter union time and lower complication rates than allograft reconstruction. Therefore, we recommend that frozen autograft reconstruction be considered when the tumor bone has not suffered severe osteolytic injury or pathological fracture.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Level of evidence<\/jats:italic>\n                      : level III, case\u2013control study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-024-00807-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T13:11:07Z","timestamp":1732453867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparison of survival, function and complication between intercalary frozen autograft versus massive allograft reconstruction after malignant bone tumors resection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zhuoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongkun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"807_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198011000-00013","volume":"153","author":"WF Enneking","year":"1980","unstructured":"Enneking WF, Spanier SS, Goodman MA (1980) A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. 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