{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:06:04Z","timestamp":1792004764088,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Traumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Masquelet induced membrane technique is a surgical procedure that allows the reconstruction of segmental bone defects using a relatively simple approach that requires minimal resources from both the healthcare facility and the patient. Historically applied to the lower limb, this technique is gaining increasing attention in the literature for its use in the upper limb.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify all studies reporting the outcomes of the Masquelet induced membrane technique in the long bones of the upper limb (humerus, radius, and ulna) with a sample size of at least 3 patients. The papers had to include the length of the bone defect, a description of the protocol used for treatment, the complications of each case, and the anatomical location of the defect. The studies that did not meet the above inclusion criteria were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The search identified 1044 studies, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. These studies described a total of 156 patients with a mean age of 42\u00a0years. The affected bone segments included the humerus in 22 cases and the forearm in 134 cases. In 108 cases, the bone defect was septic. The average defect length was 4.5\u00a0cm. PMMA was used as a spacer in all cases, with antibiotics added in 77% of them. The average time interval between the first and second phases of the procedure was 9.5\u00a0weeks, and bone union took an average of 5.5\u00a0months. The mean follow-up duration was 48 months, and the complication rate was 21%, ranging from 0% to 75%.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Masquelet induced membrane technique is a viable surgical option for managing segmental bone defects of the upper limb. However, the complication rate remains significant. Further research is needed to identify strategies to improve the outcomes of this technique.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Level of Evidence<\/jats:italic>: Level 2.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-024-00815-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:34:37Z","timestamp":1737984877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Masquelet\u2019s induced membrane technique in the upper limb: a systematic review of the current outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Pederiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lapo","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Faldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi Branca","family":"Vergano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"815_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00018","volume":"23","author":"C Mauffrey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mauffrey C, Barlow BT, Smith W (2015) Management of segmental bone defects. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 23:143\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"815_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944720918368","volume":"17","author":"CM O\u2019Connor","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor CM, Perloff E, Drinane J et al (2022) An analysis of complications and bone defect length with the use of induced membrane technique in the upper limb: a systematic review. HAND 17:572\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1558944720918368","journal-title":"HAND"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"815_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.01.043","volume":"52","author":"AH Schmidt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmidt AH (2021) Autologous bone graft: is it still the gold standard? Injury 52(Suppl 2):S18\u2013S22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2021.01.043","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"815_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00159","volume":"94","author":"HC Sagi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sagi HC, Young ML, Gerstenfeld L et al (2012) Qualitative and quantitative differences between bone graft obtained from the medullary canal (with a reamer\/irrigator\/aspirator) and the iliac crest of the same patient. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94:2128\u20132135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.L.00159","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"815_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.06.015","volume":"42","author":"R Dimitriou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dimitriou R, Mataliotakis GI, Angoules AG et al (2011) Complications following autologous bone graft harvesting from the iliac crest and using the RIA: a systematic review. Injury 42(Suppl 2):S3-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2011.06.015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"815_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2009.07.011","volume":"41","author":"AC Masquelet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Masquelet AC, Begue T (2010) The concept of induced membrane for reconstruction of long bone defects. Orthop Clin North Am 41:27\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocl.2009.07.011","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"815_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-017-2063-0","volume":"28","author":"E Roddy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roddy E, DeBaun MR, Daoud-Gray A et al (2018) Treatment of critical-sized bone defects: clinical and tissue engineering perspectives. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol 28:351\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-017-2063-0","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"815_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003625","volume":"28","author":"CM Runyan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Runyan CM, Gabrick KS (2017) Biology of bone formation, fracture healing, and distraction osteogenesis. J Craniofac Surg 28:1380\u20131389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003625","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"815_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2021.100077","volume":"11","author":"R Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu R, Feng Y, Liu Y, Yang H (2021) Mechanical regulation of bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis. Med Nov Technol Device 11:100077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medntd.2021.100077","journal-title":"Med Nov Technol Device"},{"key":"815_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-021-03962-5","volume":"143","author":"P Feltri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feltri P, Solaro L, Errani C et al (2023) Vascularized fibular grafts for the treatment of long bone defects: pros and cons. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 143:29\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-021-03962-5","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"815_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200409000-00010","volume":"12","author":"KN Malizos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malizos KN, Zalavras CG, Soucacos PN et al (2004) Free vascularized fibular grafts for reconstruction of skeletal defects. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 12:360\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/00124635-200409000-00010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"815_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24978","volume":"39","author":"AI Alford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alford AI, Nicolaou D, Hake M, McBride-Gagyi S (2021) Masquelet\u2019s induced membrane technique: review of current concepts and future directions. J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc 39:707\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.24978","journal-title":"J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc"},{"issue":"Suppl6","key":"815_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)30842-7","volume":"47","author":"I Morelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morelli I, Drago L, George DA et al (2016) Masquelet technique: myth or reality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury 47(Suppl6):S68\u2013S76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)30842-7","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"815_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","volume":"339","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J et al (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 339:b2535\u2013b2535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b2535","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"815_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slim K, Nini E, Forestier D et al (2003) Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS): development and validation of a new instrument: methodological index for non-randomized studies. ANZ J Surg 73:712\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x"},{"key":"815_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/710302","volume":"2014","author":"TM Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong TM, Lau TW, Li X et al (2014) Masquelet technique for treatment of posttraumatic bone defects. Sci World J 2014:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/710302","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"815_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5387\/fms.2015-17","volume":"61","author":"R Kawakami","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kawakami R, Konno S-I, Ejiri S, Hatashita S (2015) Surgical treatment for infected long bone defects after limb-threatening trauma: application of locked plate and autogenous cancellous bone graft. Fukushima J Med Sci 61:141\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5387\/fms.2015-17","journal-title":"Fukushima J Med Sci"},{"key":"815_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193416650171","volume":"42","author":"TD Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo TD, Nunez FA, Lomer AA, Nunez FA (2017) Management of recalcitrant osteomyelitis and segmental bone loss of the forearm with the Masquelet technique. J Hand Surg Eur 42:640\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753193416650171","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur"},{"key":"815_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giannoudis PV, Harwood PJ, Tosounidis T, Kanakaris NK (2016) Restoration of long bone defects treated with the induced membrane technique: protocol and outcomes. Injury 47:S53\u2013S61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)30840-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)30840-3"},{"key":"815_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2016.07.007","volume":"36","author":"NM Anoumou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anoumou NM, Traor\u00e9 M, Kouam\u00e9 M et al (2017) Preliminary results of the induced membrane in upper limb. About 6 cases. Hand Surg Rehabil 36:53\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hansur.2016.07.007","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"815_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.07.003","volume":"44","author":"M Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walker M, Sharareh B, Mitchell SA (2019) Masquelet reconstruction for posttraumatic segmental bone defects in the forearm. J Hand Surg 44:3421\u20133428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.07.003","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"815_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10080-1411","volume":"14","author":"SA Dhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhar SA, Dar TA, Mir NA (2019) Management of infected nonunion of the forearm by the masquelet technique. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr 14:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10080-1411","journal-title":"Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr"},{"key":"815_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2020.02.015","volume":"106","author":"J Gaillard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaillard J, Masquelet AC, Boutroux P, Cambon-Binder A (2020) Induced-membrane treatment of refractory humeral non-union with or without bone defect. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 106:803\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2020.02.015","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"815_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2020.02.002","volume":"39","author":"M Bourgeois","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bourgeois M, Loisel F, Bertrand D et al (2020) Management of forearm bone loss with induced membrane technique. Hand Surg Rehabil 39:171\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hansur.2020.02.002","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"815_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2021.103036","volume":"107","author":"P Commeil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Commeil P, Seguineau A, Delesque A et al (2021) Post-traumatic forearm bone defect reconstruction using the induced membrane technique. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 107:103036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2021.103036","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"815_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2021.103074","volume":"107","author":"O Lauthe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lauthe O, Gaillard J, Cambon-Binder A, Masquelet AC (2021) Induced membrane technique applied to the forearm: technical refinement, indications and results of 13 cases. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 107:103074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2021.103074","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"815_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2021.06.007","volume":"40","author":"G Rougereau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rougereau G, Marty-Diloy T, Pietton R et al (2021) Forearm reconstruction by induced-membrane technique after sarcoma resection in children: technique and functional outcome in three cases. Hand Surg Rehabil 40:799\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hansur.2021.06.007","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"815_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104533","author":"A El Farhaoui","year":"2022","unstructured":"El Farhaoui A, Benalia K, Lachkar A et al (2022) The induced membrane technique: a therapeutic option for managing bone defects in the upper extremity: case series for 7 patients. Ann Med Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104533","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"815_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.06.019","volume":"47","author":"XY Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma XY, Liu B, Yu HL et al (2022) Induced membrane technique for the treatment of infected forearm nonunion: a retrospective study. J Hand Surg 47:583.e1-583.e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.06.019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"815_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.01.018","volume":"48","author":"MJ Braswell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Braswell MJ, Bulloch LR, Gaston RG, Garcia RM (2023) Outcomes after use of the induced membrane technique for fractures of the upper extremity. J Hand Surg 48:735.e1-735.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.01.018","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"815_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0660-6","volume":"33","author":"AK Shyam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shyam AK, Singh SU, Modi HN et al (2009) Leg lengthening by distraction osteogenesis using the Ilizarov apparatus: a novel concept of tibia callus subsidence and its influencing factors. Int Orthop. 33:1753\u20131759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-008-0660-6","journal-title":"Int Orthop."},{"key":"815_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11734","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111734","volume":"22","author":"R Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu R, Feng Y, Bertrand D et al (2021) Enhancing the efficiency of distraction osteogenesis through rate-varying distraction: a computational study. Int J Mol Sci 22:11734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111734","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"815_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e181","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000002013","volume":"42","author":"P Scheider","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scheider P, Ganger R, Farr S (2022) Age-related outcomes and complications of osteodistraction in the pediatric upper extremity: a large retrospective single-center study of 61 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 42:e181\u2013e187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BPO.0000000000002013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"815_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.12.007","volume":"40","author":"AJ Micev","year":"2015","unstructured":"Micev AJ, Kalainov DM, Soneru AP (2015) Masquelet technique for treatment of segmental bone loss in the upper extremity. J Hand Surg 40:593\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.12.007","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"815_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-014-2281-6","volume":"38","author":"M Bumbasirevic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bumbasirevic M, Stevanovic M, Bumbasirevic V et al (2014) Free vascularised fibular grafts in orthopaedics. Int Orthop 38:1277\u20131282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-014-2281-6","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"815_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25032","volume":"117","author":"MJ Landau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Landau MJ, Badash I, Yin C et al (2018) Free vascularized fibula grafting in the operative treatment of malignant bone tumors of the upper extremity: a systematic review of outcomes and complications. J Surg Oncol 117:1432\u20131439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jso.25032","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"815_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcr.2021.100556","volume":"36","author":"AC Masquelet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Masquelet AC, Giannoudis PV (2021) The induced membrane technique for treatment of bone defects: what have I learned? Trauma Case Rep 36:100556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcr.2021.100556","journal-title":"Trauma Case Rep"},{"key":"815_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000979","volume":"31","author":"AC Masquelet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Masquelet AC (2017) Induced membrane technique: pearls and pitfalls. J Orthop Trauma 31:S36\u2013S38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000979","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"815_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giannoudis PV, Einhorn TA, Marsh D (2007) Fracture healing: the diamond concept. Injury. 38(Suppl 4):S3\u2013S6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-1383(08)70003-2","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-1383(08)70003-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10195-024-00815-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s10195-024-00815-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10195-024-00815-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:34:40Z","timestamp":1737984880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s10195-024-00815-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10195-024-00815-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-9999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-9999","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors do not have any potential conflicts of interest with respect to this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}