{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:05:26Z","timestamp":1790737526576,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cartiheal Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Traumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The aim of the study was to provide a gender-based analysis of the results of a large, multi-centre randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing a novel cell-free aragonite-based scaffold with the standard of care (i.e. debridement\/microfractures) for the treatment of chondral\/osteochondral defects in knees with or without concurrent osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 251 patients were included: 167 patients in the scaffold group and 84 in the control. In the scaffold group, there were 105 males and 59 females, whereas the control group consisted of 51 males and 32 females. Patients were evaluated up to 48\u00a0months after the treatment. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to 48\u00a0months in the KOOS overall score. Treatment failures were defined as any secondary invasive intervention, including intra-articular injection or any surgery in the treated joint. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 12 and 24\u00a0months to assess the percentage of defect fill after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Both males and females in the scaffold group achieved significantly better results than controls in any KOOS subscale, as well as in KOOS overall, up to the final 48\u00a0months follow-up. Outcomes reported by females were non-inferior to those of males in the implant group. At 24\u00a0months\u2019 MRI evaluation, 86.2% of male patients in the scaffold group presented at least 75% defect fill compared with 32.6% in the control group. In the scaffold group, 87.6% of female patients presented at least 75% defect fill, compared with 28% in the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 in both cases). Responders\u2019 rate and failure rate were also significantly better in the scaffold group for both males and females.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The aragonite scaffold outperformed the control group at 48\u00a0months\u2019 evaluation. The gender-based analysis proved that males and females in the scaffold group presented comparable clinical and radiographical results, both significantly better than their counterparts treated by debridement\/microfractures.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Level of evidence<\/jats:italic>: I\u2014Randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>: Clinicaltrial.gov ID: NCT03299959 (registered on 14 September 2017).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-025-00829-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:26:00Z","timestamp":1741861560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Female patients report comparable results to males after the implantation of an aragonite-based scaffold for the treatment of knee chondral and osteochondral defects: a gender-based analysis of a RCT at 4\u00a0years\u2019 follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03299959","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Kon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"De Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Dasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"M Scopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berardo","family":"Di Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Flanigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nogah","family":"Shabshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Altschuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"829_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10386","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210386","volume":"24","author":"M Franke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Franke M, Mancino C (2023) Reasons for the sex bias in osteoarthritis research: a review of preclinical studies. 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The protocol was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and by the ethical committees\/internal review boards of each involved site.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"E. Kon is a consultant and options holder at Cartiheal Ltd (Israel). B. Di Matteo is a consultant for Cartiheal Ltd (Israel). N. Altschuler is Cartiheal\u2019s founder and holds stocks at Cartiheal Ltd (Israel). All the other authors have nothing to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}