{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T11:21:05Z","timestamp":1775820065938,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Traumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Posterosuperior massive irreparable rotator cuff tears (PMIRT) are rare and disabling conditions. When conservative treatment fails, latissimus dorsi tendon transfer (LDTT) is a viable surgical option for symptom relief in carefully selected patients. However, its effectiveness in restoring glenohumeral function and its influence on scapulothoracic rhythm remain subjects of ongoing debate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of LDTT and assess its impact on scapulothoracic rhythm using kinematic and electromyographic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 18 patients with PMIRT underwent LDTT. Functional scores consisted of Constant-Murley score (CMS), America Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score. Electromyography (EMG) activity of the latissimus dorsi muscle was evaluated in conjunction with three-dimensional (3D) kinematic tracking system. Differences in external rotation strength were compared with and without active adduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age was 55.9\u00a0years (range 40\u201369 years), with a mean follow-up of 20.4\u00a0months (range 6\u201339 months). At final follow-up, the mean CMS was 68.2 (95% CI 64.9\u201371.5), ASES was 76.9 (95% CI 66.1\u201387.6), and QuickDASH was 17.6 (95% CI 9.5\u201325.6). A significant difference in external rotation strength was observed with and without active adduction (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0005). EMG confirmed latissimus dorsi activation in all patients, with no significant differences between rotation conditions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009.05). Kinematic analysis showed an overall normal scapulothoracic rhythm, with significant differences only in scapular tilting during elevation and external rotation with the shoulder in adduction (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LDTT provides satisfactory clinical outcomes in patients with PMIRT, enhancing external rotation strength when the latissimus dorsi is actively recruited and contributing to near-normal scapulothoracic rhythm restoration.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>A structured, targeted postoperative rehabilitation protocol is essential to optimize outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-026-00910-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:14:05Z","timestamp":1772626445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does\u00a0latissimus dorsi tendon transfer\u00a0provide a normal\u00a0scapular rhythm and external rotation strength in posterosuperior massive irreparable rotator cuff tears? A kinematic analysis in a retrospective cohort"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-1405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristobal","family":"Calvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Fiumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1282-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Brigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena Dora","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0599-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco","family":"Bonfatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Don\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4733-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Mario","family":"Micheloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Giorgini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7999-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Tarallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Porcellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"910_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.012","volume":"30","author":"AM Barcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barcia AM, Makovicka JL, MRAB Study Group, Spenciner DB, Chamberlain AM, Jacofsky MC et\u00a0al (2021) Scapular motion in the presence of rotator cuff tears: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 30(7):1679\u20131692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.012","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"910_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-020-04540-x","volume":"44","author":"P Clavert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clavert P, Arndt J, Daemgen F, Kempf J-F (2020) Long-term outcomes of latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable rotator cuff tears. Int Orthop 44(5):905\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-020-04540-x","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"910_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.02.128","volume":"16","author":"JG Costouros","year":"2007","unstructured":"Costouros JG, Espinosa N, Schmid MR, Gerber C (2007) Teres minor integrity predicts outcome of latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 16(6):727\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2007.02.128","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"24","key":"910_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-18-00199","volume":"27","author":"GL Cvetanovich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cvetanovich GL, Waterman BR, Verma NN, Romeo AA (2019) Management of the irreparable rotator cuff tear. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 27(24):15\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOS-D-18-00199","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"910_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00235","volume":"97","author":"HM El-Azab","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Azab HM, Rott O, Irlenbusch U (2015) Long-term follow-up after latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. J Bone Jt Surg 97(6):18\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.M.00235","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"910_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05819-2","volume":"28","author":"O Galasso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galasso O, Mantovani M, Muraccini M, Berardi A, De Benedetto M, Orlando N et\u00a0al. (2020) The latissimus dorsi tendon functions as an external rotator after arthroscopic-assisted transfer for massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 28(7):2367\u20132376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-019-05819-2","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"910_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5152\/j.aott.2024.24066","volume":"58","author":"CC Gedik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gedik CC, Eren \u0130, Demirhan M, Elhassan B (2024) A comprehensive review of scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM): evaluation, classification, and treatment strategies. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 58(4):18\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/j.aott.2024.24066","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc"},{"issue":"1","key":"910_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00282","volume":"88","author":"C Gerber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gerber C (2006) Latissimus dorsi transfer for the treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears. J Bone Jt Surg Am 88(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.E.00282","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"910_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.01.026","volume":"21","author":"RU Hartzler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hartzler RU, Barlow JD, An K-N, Elhassan BT (2012) Biomechanical effectiveness of different types of tendon transfers to the shoulder for external rotation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 21(10):1370\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2012.01.026","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"910_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2019.10.018","volume":"106","author":"P Hetto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hetto P, Erhard S, Thielen M, Wolf SI, Zeifang F, van Drongelen S et\u00a0al. (2020) 3D motion analysis of latissimus dorsi tendon transfer in patients with posterosuperior rotator cuff tears: analysis of proprioception and the ability to perform ADLS. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 106(1):39\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2019.10.018","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"910_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020433","volume":"9","author":"P Hetto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hetto P, Spranz D, Zeifang F, Wolf SI, Van Drongelen S, Maier MW et\u00a0al. (2020) Muscle activity of the latissimus dorsi after tendon transfer in patients with rotator cuff tears. J Clin Med 9(2):433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9020433","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"910_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02996","volume":"88","author":"JP Iannotti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iannotti JP, Hennigan S, Herzog R, Kella S, Kelley M, Leggin B et\u00a0al. (2006) Latissimus Dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears: factors affecting outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(2):342\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.D.02996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"910_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200303000-00008","volume":"11","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kibler WB, McMullen J (2003) Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 11(2):142\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/00124635-200303000-00008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"910_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.184","volume":"9","author":"M Kimmeyer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kimmeyer M, Hees T, Allaart L, Nerot R, Macken A, Buijze G-A et\u00a0al. (2025) Latissimus dorsi transfer or lower trapezius transfer: a treatment algorithm for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears muscles transfers in posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. JSES Int 9(1):79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.184","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"910_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-015-0353-4","volume":"99","author":"G Paribelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paribelli G, Boschi S, Randelli P, Compagnoni R, Leonardi F, Cassarino AM (2015) Clinical outcome of latissimus dorsi tendon transfer and partial cuff repair in irreparable postero-superior rotator cuff tear. Musculoskelet Surg 99(2):127\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12306-015-0353-4","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"910_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.11.002","volume":"20","author":"G Porcellini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Porcellini G, Castagna A, Cesari E, Merolla G, Pellegrini A, Paladini P (2011) Partial repair of irreparable supraspinatus tendon tears: clinical and radiographic evaluations at long-term follow-up. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 20(7):1170\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2010.11.002","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"910_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s101950200015","volume":"2","author":"F Postacchini","year":"2002","unstructured":"Postacchini F, Gumina S, De Santis P, Di Virgilio R (2002) Latissimus dorsi transfer for primary treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears. J Orthop Traumatol 2(3):139\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s101950200015","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"910_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13089","volume":"16","author":"J Salazar-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salazar-M\u00e9ndez J, Morales-Verdugo J, Lluch-Girb\u00e9s E, Araya-Quintanilla F, Ribeiro IL, Mendoza-Grau R et\u00a0al. (2024) A scoping review of tendon transfer surgeries and postsurgical physical therapy interventions in individuals with massive rotator cuff tears. PM R 16(7):745\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmrj.13089","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"3","key":"910_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679608994685","volume":"67","author":"H Thomazeau","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thomazeau H, Rolland Y, Lucas C, Duval J-M, Langlais F (1996) Atrophy of the supraspinatus belly assessment by MRI in 55 patients with rotator cuff pathology. Acta Orthop Scand 67(3):264\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17453679608994685","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s10195-026-00910-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10195-026-00910-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s10195-026-00910-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:31:12Z","timestamp":1775817072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s10195-026-00910-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10195-026-00910-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-9999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-9999","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"14"}}