{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:24:01Z","timestamp":1790047441302,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009035","name":"Program on Open Innovation Platform with Enterprises, Research Institute and Academia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020932","name":"Japan Suicide Countermeasures Promotion Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020932","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018048","name":"Sasakawa Sports Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019434","name":"Japan Health Promotion and Fitness Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019567","name":"Chiba Foundation for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005957","name":"8020 Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008882","name":"Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007312","name":"National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Rev Aging Phys Act"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Older adults who engage in group sports and exercises achieve greater health benefits than those who exercise by themselves. The benefits of group participation may vary depending on the type of sports\/exercise they engage in. The present study aimed to identify the association between specific sports and exercise types performed in groups and evaluate the longitudinal changes in multidimensional frailty scores among community-dwelling older adults in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We used 3-year follow-up data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study and analyzed 33,746 men and 36,799 women aged\u2009\u2265\u200965\u00a0years. To elucidate the relationship between participation in 20 types of group sports\/exercises in 2016 (baseline) and the change in frailty score (using the Kihon Checklist, KCL) from 2016 to 2019, we performed linear regression analyses through multivariate adjustments for age group, self-rated health, marital status, living alone, occupational status, years of education, alcohol drinking status, smoking status, equivalent income, and disease status using an inverse probability weighting method. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mean change in KCL scores over 3\u00a0years was\u2009+\u20090.62 and\u2009+\u20090.61 points in men and women, respectively, implying the degree of frailty worsened. The sports\/exercise types that significantly prevented increments in KCL scores for both sexes compared to non-participants were hiking (men: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.36; women: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.29), walking (men: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.26; women: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.24), tennis (men: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.23; women: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.24), ground golf (men: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.21; women: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.19), and weight exercises (men: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.19; women: <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,\u2009\u2212\u20090.16).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Participation in specific sports and exercise groups offer significant physical and psychological benefits for frailty prevention among older adults in Japan. The results of this study may offer substantive evidence to encourage older adults to participate in group activities for the prevention of multidimensional frailty. It will also help public health stakeholders to decide which type of sports and exercise groups to promote in a community.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-024-00342-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:09:07Z","timestamp":1710911347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Do changes in the frailty score differ by the type of group sports and exercises participated in? A 3-year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8408-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taishi","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Kanamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiko","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Miyaguni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashige","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsunori","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51061","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051061","volume":"7","author":"S Kanamori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kanamori S, Kai Y, Kondo K, Hirai H, Ichida Y, Suzuki K, et al. Participation in sports organizations and the prevention of functional disability in older Japanese: the AGES cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e51061.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"342_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29053-x","volume":"8","author":"S Kanamori","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kanamori S, Takamiya T, Inoue S, Kai Y, Tsuji T, Kondo K. Frequency and pattern of exercise and depression after two years in older Japanese adults: the JAGES longitudinal study. Sci Rep. 2018;8:11224.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"342_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071413","volume":"15","author":"T Hayashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayashi T, Kondo K, Kanamori S, Tsuji T, Saito M, Ochi A, et al. Differences in falls between older adult participants in group exercise and those who exercise alone: a cross-sectional study using Japan gerontological evaluation study (JAGES) data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:1413.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"342_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.4.315","volume":"4","author":"S Kanamori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kanamori S, Takamiya T, Inoue S. Group exercise for adults and elderly: determinants of participation in group exercise and its associations with health outcome. J Phys Fit Sports Med. 2015;4:315\u201320.","journal-title":"J Phys Fit Sports Med"},{"key":"342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002954","volume":"54","author":"T Tsuji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsuji T, Kanamori S, Watanabe R, Yokoyama M, Miyaguni Y, Saito M, et al. Types of sports and exercise group participation and sociopsychological health in older adults: A 3-yr longitudinal study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2022;54:1657\u201364.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146\u201356.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.12.016","volume":"17","author":"M Cesari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cesari M, Prince M, Thiyagarajan JA, De Carvalho IA, Bernabei R, Chan P, et al. Frailty: an emerging public health priority. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17:188\u201392.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"342_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12435","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312435","volume":"18","author":"A Cella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cella A, Veronese N, Pomata M, Quispe Guerrero KL, Musacchio C, Senesi B, et al. Multidimensional frailty predicts mortality better than physical frailty in community-dwelling older people: A five-year longitudinal cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:12435.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"342_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243548","volume":"15","author":"T Abe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abe T, Okuyama K, Kamada M, Yano S, Toyama Y, Isomura M, et al. Social participation and physical prefrailty in older Japanese adults: the Shimane CoHRE study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0243548.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"342_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2021.06.015","volume":"151","author":"B Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie B, Ma C. Effect of social participation on the development of physical frailty: do type, frequency and diversity matter? Maturitas. 2021;151:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"342_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20160093","volume":"26","author":"K Kondo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kondo K. Progress in aging epidemiology in Japan: the JAGES project. J Epidemiol. 2016;26:331\u20136.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"342_CR12","unstructured":"Kondo K, Rosenberg M, World Health Organization. Advancing universal health coverage through knowledge translation for healthy ageing: lessons learnt from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. 2018. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/279010. Accessed 1 Oct 2023."},{"key":"342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12397","volume":"15","author":"H Arai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arai H, Satake S. English translation of the Kihon checklist. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15:518\u20139.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12543","volume":"16","author":"S Satake","year":"2016","unstructured":"Satake S, Senda K, Hong YJ, Miura H, Endo H, Sakurai T, et al. Validity of the Kihon checklist for assessing frailty status. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16:709\u201315.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"342_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.05.012","volume":"19","author":"G Kojima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kojima G, Taniguchi Y, Kitamura A, Shinkai S. Are the kihon checklist and the Kaigo-Yobo checklist compatible with the frailty index? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19:797-800.e2.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"342_CR16","unstructured":"International Ground Golf Federation. The rules of ground golf manual. 2019. https:\/\/www.groundgolf.or.jp\/International\/tabid\/243\/Default.aspx. Accessed 1 Oct 2023."},{"key":"342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006599708977","volume":"13","author":"JW Traphagan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Traphagan JW. Reasons for gateball participation among older Japanese. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 1998;13:159\u201375.","journal-title":"J Cross Cult Gerontol"},{"key":"342_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141638","volume":"10","author":"M Yamakita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamakita M, Kanamori S, Kondo N, Kondo K. Correlates of regular participation in sports groups among Japanese older adults: JAGES cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0141638.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"342_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31806518ac","volume":"45","author":"LH Curtis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Curtis LH, Hammill BG, Eisenstein EL, Kramer JM, Anstrom KJ. Using inverse probability-weighted estimators in comparative effectiveness analyses with observational databases. Med Care. 2007;45:S103\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"342_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119942283","volume-title":"Multiple imputation and its application","author":"JR Carpenter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carpenter JR, Kenward MG. Multiple imputation and its application. Hoboken: Wiley; 2013."},{"key":"342_CR21","volume-title":"Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys","author":"DB Rubin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rubin DB. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience; 2004."},{"key":"342_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1021\/es102947t","volume":"45","author":"J Thompson Coon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thompson Coon J, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge MH. Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45:1761\u201372.","journal-title":"A systematic review Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"342_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003230","volume":"33","author":"MS Fragala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD, et al. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33:2019\u201352.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"342_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.03.019","volume":"112","author":"Y Osuka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osuka Y, Suzuki T, Kim M, Kojima N, Fujino K, Yoshida Y, et al. Association between exercise type and the decline in instrumental activities of daily living in community-dwelling older women: A 4-year prospective study. Prev Med. 2018;112:23\u201330.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"342_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200867","volume":"77","author":"Y Osuka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osuka Y, Kojima N, Sasai H, Ohara Y, Watanabe Y, Hirano H, et al. Exercise types and the risk of developing cognitive decline in older women: A prospective study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;77:1733\u201342.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"342_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50466","volume":"212","author":"EH Gordon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gordon EH, Hubbard RE. Differences in frailty in older men and women. Med J Aust. 2020;212:183\u20138.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"}],"container-title":["European Review of Aging and Physical Activity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11556-024-00342-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11556-024-00342-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11556-024-00342-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:09:14Z","timestamp":1710911354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/eurapa.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s11556-024-00342-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11556-024-00342-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the current study was obtained from the Ethics Committee, Chiba University, Japan (approval number: 2493), and the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Japan (approval number: 992\u20133). The study was performed per the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about voluntary participation and that completing and returning the questionnaire via mail indicated their consent to participate in the present study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}