{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:15:22Z","timestamp":1781918122357,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010216","name":"Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010216","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Biol Lett"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epigenetics refers to nucleotide sequence-independent events, and heritable changes, including DNA methylation and histone modification (as the two main processes), contributing to the phenotypic features of the cell. Both genetics and epigenetics contribute to determining the outcome of regulatory gene expression systems. Indeed, the flexibility of epigenetic effects and stability of genetic coding lead to gene regulation complexity in response signals. Since some epigenetic changes are significant in abnormalities such as cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, the initial changes, dynamic and reversible properties, and diagnostic potential of epigenomic phenomena are subject to epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) for therapeutic aims. Based on recent studies, methodological developments are necessary to improve epigenetic research. As a result, several methods have been developed to explore epigenetic alterations at low, medium, and high scales, focusing on DNA methylation and histone modification detection. In this research field, bisulfite-, enzyme sensitivity- and antibody specificity-based techniques are used for DNA methylation, whereas histone modifications are gained based on antibody recognition. This review provides a mechanism-based understanding and comparative overview of the most common techniques for detecting the status of epigenetic effects, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, for applicable approaches from low- to high-throughput scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-021-00290-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T12:03:39Z","timestamp":1636632219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Laboratory methods to decipher epigenetic signatures: a comparative review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Raheleh","family":"Halabian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Valizadeh Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardis","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadegh","family":"Azimzadeh Jamalkandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Alivand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"290_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0710-565","volume":"11","author":"A Tarakhovsky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tarakhovsky A. Tools and landscapes of epigenetics. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(7):565\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"290_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a019497","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019497","volume":"8","author":"HY Zoghbi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zoghbi HY, Beaudet AL. Epigenetics and human disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol. 2016;8(2):a019497.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol."},{"key":"290_CR3","unstructured":"Theodore Friedmann JCD, Stephen F. Goodwin. Epigenetics and Cancer 2010."},{"issue":"6","key":"290_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1349","volume":"5","author":"MJ Fazzari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fazzari MJ, Greally JM. Epigenomics: beyond CpG islands. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(6):446.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"290_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaron W. Schrey CLR, Victoria Meller, Vincent Sollars, Douglas M. Ruden. The role of epigenetics in evolution: the extended synthesis. Genetics Res Int. 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/286164"},{"issue":"2","key":"290_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0074-2","volume":"20","author":"M Berdasco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berdasco M, Esteller M. Clinical epigenetics: seizing opportunities for translation. Nat Rev Genet. 2019;20(2):109\u201327.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"13","key":"290_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082249499","volume":"99","author":"BE Bernstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bernstein BE, Humphrey EL, Erlich RL, Schneider R, Bouman P, Liu JS, et al. Methylation of histone H3 Lys 4 in coding regions of active genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(13):8695\u2013700.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1139\/o05-137","volume":"83","author":"MS Cosgrove","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cosgrove MS, Wolberger C. How does the histone code work? Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;83(4):468\u201376.","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"290_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8916-4_12","volume":"1894","author":"L Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng L, Lou J. DNA methylation analysis. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ). 2019;1894:181\u2013227.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ)"},{"key":"290_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zare M, Bastami M, Solali S, Alivand M. Aberrantly miRNA promoter methylation and EMT\u2010involving miRNAs in breast cancer metastasis: diagnosis and therapeutic implications. J Cell Physiol. 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26116"},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/els011","volume":"11","author":"H Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu H, Tao J, Sun YE. Regulation and function of mammalian DNA methylation patterns: a genomic perspective. Brief Funct Genomics. 2012;11(3):240\u201350.","journal-title":"Brief Funct Genomics"},{"key":"290_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alivand MR, Soheili ZS, Pornour M, Sabouni F. Novel epigenetic controlling of hypoxia pathway related to overexpression and promoter hypomethylation of TET1 and TET2 in RPE cells. J Cell Biochem. 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25965"},{"key":"290_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetics Protocols. Department of Biology University of Alabama Birmingham: Hummana Press; 2004.","DOI":"10.1385\/1592598285"},{"issue":"2","key":"290_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2012.06.001","volume":"751","author":"L Van De Voorde","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van De Voorde L, Speeckaert R, Van Gestel D, Bracke M, De Neve W, Delanghe J, et al. DNA methylation-based biomarkers in serum of patients with breast cancer. Mutat Res\/Rev Mutat Res. 2012;751(2):304\u201325.","journal-title":"Mutat Res\/Rev Mutat Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"290_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5922","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN01649A","volume":"141","author":"L Syedmoradi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Syedmoradi L, Esmaeili F, Norton ML. Towards DNA methylation detection using biosensors. Analyst. 2016;141(21):5922\u201343.","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"2","key":"290_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.22","volume":"1","author":"EB Olkhov-Mitsel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olkhov-Mitsel EB, Bapat B. Strategies for discovery and validation of methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA biomarkers. Cancer Med. 2012;1(2):237\u201360.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1045","volume":"3","author":"PW Laird","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laird PW. The power and the promise of DNA methylation markers. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(4):253\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"290_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3968","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26176","volume":"233","author":"N Soozangar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soozangar N, Sadeghi MR, Jeddi F, Somi MH, Shirmohamadi M, Samadi N. Comparison of genome-wide analysis techniques to DNA methylation analysis in human cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(5):3968\u201381.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2018.01.002","volume":"5","author":"Z Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin Z, Liu Y. DNA methylation in human diseases. Genes Dis. 2018;5(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"290_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tost J. DNA Methylation: Springer; 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-522-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR21","first-page":"315","volume":"45","author":"A Sulewska","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sulewska A, Niklinska W, Kozlowski M, Minarowski L, Naumnik W, Niklinski J, et al. Detection of DNA methylation in eucaryotic cells. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2007;45(4):315\u201324.","journal-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol"},{"key":"290_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pajares MJ, Palanca-Ballester C, Urtasun R, Alemany-Cosme E, Lahoz A, Sandoval J. Methods for analysis of specific DNA methylation status. Methods (San Diego, Calif). 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.06.021"},{"key":"290_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grayson DR, Guidotti A. 5-Methycytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in psychiatric epigenetics. Epigenetics in Psychiatry: Elsevier; 2014. p. 209\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417114-5.00010-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2732","volume":"11","author":"PW Laird","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laird PW. Principles and challenges of genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11(3):191\u2013203.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/biology5010003","volume":"5","author":"S Kurdyukov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kurdyukov S, Bullock M. DNA methylation analysis: choosing the right method. Biology. 2016;5(1):3.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150140145","volume":"14","author":"Y Hayashizaki","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hayashizaki Y, Hirotsune S, Okazaki Y, Hatada I, Shibata H, Kawai J, et al. Restriction landmark genomic scanning method and its various applications. Electrophoresis. 1993;14(1):251\u20138.","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-016-0075-3","volume":"9","author":"W-S Yong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yong W-S, Hsu F-M, Chen P-Y. Profiling genome-wide DNA methylation. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2016;9(1):26.","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"issue":"21","key":"290_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.21.4407","volume":"23","author":"P Vos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, Lee TVD, Hornes M, et al. AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995;23(21):4407\u201314.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"290_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-004-1017-5","volume":"271","author":"F Yamamoto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yamamoto F, Yamamoto M. A DNA microarray-based methylation-sensitive (MS)-AFLP hybridization method for genetic and epigenetic analyses. Mol Genet Genomics. 2004;271(6):678\u201386.","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-002-0772-4","volume":"268","author":"M-T Cervera","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cervera M-T, Ruiz-Garcia L, Martinez-Zapater J. Analysis of DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana based on methylation-sensitive AFLP markers. Mol Genet Genomics. 2002;268(4):543\u201352.","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomics"},{"key":"290_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan PS, Potter D, Deatherage DE, Huang TH-M, Lin S. Differential methylation hybridization: profiling DNA methylation with a high-density CpG island microarray. DNA Methylation: Methods and Protocols. 2009:89\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-522-0_8"},{"key":"290_CR32","unstructured":"Yan PS, Wei SH, Huang TH-S. Differential methylation hybridization using CpG island arrays. DNA Methylation Protocols. 2002:87\u2013100."},{"key":"290_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladd\u2010Acosta C, J Aryee M, Ordway JM, Feinberg AP. Comprehensive high\u2010throughput arrays for relative methylation (CHARM). Curr Protocols Human Genetics. 2010:20.1. 1-.1. 19.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142905.hg2001s65"},{"issue":"5","key":"290_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.7301508","volume":"18","author":"RA Irizarry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Irizarry RA, Ladd-Acosta C, Carvalho B, Wu H, Brandenburg SA, Jeddeloh JA, et al. Comprehensive high-throughput arrays for relative methylation (CHARM). Genome Res. 2008;18(5):780\u201390.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"290_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl551","volume":"34","author":"AE Ibrahim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ibrahim AE, Thorne NP, Baird K, Barbosa-Morais NL, Tavare S, Collins VP, et al. MMASS: an optimized array-based method for assessing CpG island methylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(20):e136.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"290_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/153303461000900203","volume":"9","author":"Y-W Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang Y-W, Huang THM, Wang L-S. Profiling DNA methylomes from microarray to genome-scale sequencing. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2010;9(2):139\u201347.","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"290_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-663-4_12","volume-title":"Microarray methods for drug discovery","author":"R Shaknovich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shaknovich R, Figueroa ME, Melnick A. HELP (HpaII Tiny Fragment Enrichment by Ligation-Mediated PCR) Assay for DNA methylation profiling of primary normal and malignant B lymphocytes. In: Chittur SV, editor. Microarray methods for drug discovery. Totowa: Humana Press; 2010. p. 191\u2013201."},{"issue":"8","key":"290_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5273806","volume":"16","author":"B Khulan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khulan B, Thompson RF, Ye K, Fazzari MJ, Suzuki M, Stasiek E, et al. Comparative isoschizomer profiling of cytosine methylation: the HELP assay. Genome Res. 2006;16(8):1046\u201355.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"290_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oda M. GJM. The Help Assay. In: Tost J (eds). DNA Methylation, Methods in Molecular Biology. 2009; 507(Humana Press).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-522-0_7"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/PDM.0b013e3182595516","volume":"21","author":"C H\u00f6mig-H\u00f6lzel","year":"2012","unstructured":"H\u00f6mig-H\u00f6lzel C, Savola S. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in tumor diagnostics and prognostics. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2012;21(4):189\u2013206.","journal-title":"Diagn Mol Pathol"},{"issue":"23","key":"290_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200800126","volume":"29","author":"P Kozlowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kozlowski P, Jasinska AJ, Kwiatkowski DJ. New applications and developments in the use of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Electrophoresis. 2008;29(23):4627\u201336.","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.1.1.2587","volume":"1","author":"K Mohsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mohsen K, Johansson S, Ekstr\u00f6m TJ. Using LUMA: a Luminometric-based assay for global DNA-methylation. Epigenetics. 2006;1(1):46\u20139.","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"11","key":"290_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2006.03.006","volume":"312","author":"M Karimi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karimi M, Johansson S, Stach D, Corcoran M, Grand\u00e9r D, Schalling M, et al. LUMA (LUminometric Methylation Assay)\u2014a high throughput method to the analysis of genomic DNA methylation. Exp Cell Res. 2006;312(11):1989\u201395.","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"290_CR44","first-page":"3294","volume":"57","author":"TO Akama","year":"1997","unstructured":"Akama TO, Okazaki Y, Ito M, Okuizumi H, Konno H, Muramatsu M, et al. Restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS-M)-based genome-wide scanning of mouse liver tumors for alterations in DNA methylation status. Can Res. 1997;57(15):3294\u20139.","journal-title":"Can Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-446","volume":"8","author":"DJ Smiraglia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smiraglia DJ, Kazhiyur-Mannar R, Oakes CC, Wu Y-Z, Liang P, Ansari T, et al. Restriction Landmark Genomic Scanning (RLGS) spot identification by second generation virtual RLGS in multiple genomes with multiple enzyme combinations. BMC Genomics. 2007;8(1):446.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"290_CR46","unstructured":"Issa J-P, Baylin S, Toyota M. Methylated CpG island amplification (MCA). Google Patents; 2012."},{"key":"290_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills KI, Ramsahoye BH, editors. DNA methylation protocols. Springer Science & Business Media; 2002.","DOI":"10.1385\/1592591825"},{"key":"290_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheishvili D, Petropoulos S, Christiansen S, Szyf M. Targeted DNA methylation analysis methods. Epigenetics and Gene Expression in Cancer, Inflammatory and Immune Diseases. 2017:33\u201350.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6743-8_3"},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1871","volume":"9","author":"D Diep","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diep D, Plongthongkum N, Gore A, Fung HL, Shoemaker R, Zhang K. Library-free methylation sequencing with bisulfite padlock probes. Nat Methods. 2012;9(3):270\u20132.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8935-3-12","volume":"3","author":"S Tierling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tierling S, Schuster M, Tetzner R, Walter J. A combined HM-PCR\/SNuPE method for high sensitive detection of rare DNA methylation. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2010;3(1):12.","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"290_CR51","first-page":"33","volume":"336","author":"IH Wong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wong IH. Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methods for DNA methylation analyses. Methods Mol Biol. 2006;336:33\u201343.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"290_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1804-1_34","volume":"1238","author":"J Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang J, Fang F, Miller DF, Pilrose JM, Matei D, Huang TH, et al. Global DNA methylation profiling technologies and the ovarian cancer methylome. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1238:653\u201375.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"290_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Licchesi JD, Herman JG. Methylation-specific PCR. DNA Methylation: Methods and Protocols. 2009:305\u201323.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-522-0_22"},{"issue":"18","key":"290_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9821","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.18.9821","volume":"93","author":"JG Herman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Herman JG, Graff JR, My\u00f6h\u00e4nen S, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB. Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1996;93(18):9821\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"290_CR55","first-page":"261","volume":"287","author":"GJ Nuovo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nuovo GJ. Methylation-specific PCR in situ hybridization. Methods Mol Biol. 2004;287:261\u201372.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"290_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(02)00060-9","volume":"27","author":"PM Warnecke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Warnecke PM, Stirzaker C, Song J, Grunau C, Melki JR, Clark SJ. Identification and resolution of artifacts in bisulfite sequencing. Methods. 2002;27(2):101\u20137.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"290_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl1134","volume":"35","author":"M Ehrich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ehrich M, Zoll S, Sur S, Van Den Boom D. A new method for accurate assessment of DNA quality after bisulfite treatment. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(5):e29.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1267","volume":"25","author":"JS Sevall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sevall JS. Rapid allelic discrimination from real-time DNA amplification. Methods. 2001;25(4):452\u20135.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"290_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm013","volume":"35","author":"TK Wojdacz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wojdacz TK, Dobrovic A. Methylation-sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM): a new approach for sensitive and high-throughput assessment of methylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(6):e41.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"290_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.191","volume":"3","author":"TK Wojdacz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wojdacz TK, Dobrovic A, Hansen LL. Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(12):1903\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02098-4","volume":"52","author":"A Ahani Azari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahani Azari A, Amanollahi R, Jafari Jozani R, Trott DJ, Hemmatzadeh F. High-resolution melting curve analysis: a novel method for identification of Mycoplasma species isolated from clinical cases of bovine and porcine respiratory disease. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020;52(3):1043\u20137.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr910","volume":"40","author":"KT York","year":"2012","unstructured":"York KT, Smith RC, Yang R, Melnyk PC, Wiley MM, Turk CM, et al. Highly parallel oligonucleotide purification and functionalization using reversible chemistry. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40(1):e4.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2144\/03351md01","volume":"35","author":"S Colella","year":"2003","unstructured":"Colella S, Shen L, Baggerly K, Issa J, Krahe R. Sensitive and quantitative universal PyrosequencingTM methylation analysis of CpG sites. Biotechniques. 2003;35(1):146\u201351.","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"issue":"9","key":"290_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.314","volume":"2","author":"J Tost","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tost J, Gut IG. DNA methylation analysis by pyrosequencing. Nat Protoc. 2007;2(9):2265\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"44","key":"290_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507816102","volume":"102","author":"M Ehrich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ehrich M, Nelson MR, Stanssens P, Zabeau M, Liloglou T, Xinarianos G, et al. Quantitative high-throughput analysis of DNA methylation patterns by base-specific cleavage and mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(44):15785\u201390.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75960-3","volume":"10","author":"DAV da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"da Silva DAV, Brendebach H, Gr\u00fctzke J, Dieckmann R, Soares RM, de Lima JTR, et al. MALDI-TOF MS and genomic analysis can make the difference in the clarification of canine brucellosis outbreaks. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19246.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"290_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl218","volume":"34","author":"P Schatz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schatz P, Distler J, Berlin K, Schuster M. Novel method for high throughput DNA methylation marker evaluation using PNA-probe library hybridization and MALDI-TOF detection. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(8):e59.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"290_CR68","unstructured":"Eads CA, Laird PW. Combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). DNA Methylation Protocols. 2002:71\u201386."},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gnj017","volume":"34","author":"RM Brena","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brena RM, Auer H, Kornacker K, Hackanson B, Raval A, Byrd JC, et al. Accurate quantification of DNA methylation using combined bisulfite restriction analysis coupled with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer platform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(3):e17.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.1.13313","volume":"6","author":"SS Nair","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nair SS, Coolen MW, Stirzaker C, Song JZ, Statham AL, Strbenac D, et al. Comparison of methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) protein capture for genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveal CpG sequence coverage bias. Epigenetics. 2011;6(1):34\u201344.","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"290_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0512-6_5","volume":"1150","author":"S Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu S, Grullon S, Ge K, Peng W. Spatial clustering for identification of ChIP-enriched regions (SICER) to map regions of histone methylation patterns in embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1150:97\u2013111.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8935-6-17","volume":"6","author":"VF Oliver","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oliver VF, Wan J, Agarwal S, Zack DJ, Qian J, Merbs SL. A novel methyl-binding domain protein enrichment method for identifying genome-wide tissue-specific DNA methylation from nanogram DNA samples. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2013;6(1):17.","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"290_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-522-0_5","volume":"507","author":"F Mohn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mohn F, Weber M, Schubeler D, Roloff TC. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP). Methods Mol Biol. 2009;507:55\u201364.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"290_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-739-6_5","volume":"1105","author":"HK Hsu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsu HK, Weng YI, Hsu PY, Huang TH, Huang YW. Detection of DNA methylation by MeDIP and MBDCap assays: an overview of techniques. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ). 2014;1105:61\u201370.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ)"},{"key":"290_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan S, Chi W. Methods for genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in human cancer. Brief Funct Genomics. 2016:elw010.","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elw010"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64700-2","volume":"10","author":"JR Rodr\u00edguez-Aguilera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Aguilera JR, Ecsedi S, Goldsmith C, Cros M-P, Dom\u00ednguez-L\u00f3pez M, Guerrero-Celis N, et al. Genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) emerges at early stage of in vitro differentiation of a putative hepatocyte progenitor. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):7822.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"290_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tost J, Gut IG. Molecular techniques for DNA methylation studies. Molecular Diagnostics (Third Edition): Elsevier; 2017. p. 103\u201339.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802971-8.00007-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"290_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.04.027","volume":"149","author":"M Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu M, Hon GC, Szulwach KE, Song C-X, Zhang L, Kim A, et al. Base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian genome. Cell. 2012;149(6):1368\u201380.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"290_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7481-8_34","volume":"1708","author":"K Kirschner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kirschner K, Krueger F, Green AR, Chandra T. Multiplexing for oxidative bisulfite sequencing (oxBS-seq). Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1708:665\u201378.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"14","key":"290_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.07.007","volume":"14","author":"CL Peterson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peterson CL, Laniel MA. Histones and histone modifications. Curr Biol: CB. 2004;14(14):R546\u201351.","journal-title":"Curr Biol: CB"},{"key":"290_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-414-2","volume-title":"Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays","author":"P Collas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Collas P. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway: Hummana press; 2009."},{"issue":"2","key":"290_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(02)00287-3","volume":"12","author":"T Kouzarides","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kouzarides T. Histone methylation in transcriptional control. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2002;12(2):198\u2013209.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"issue":"23","key":"290_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6560","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf655","volume":"21","author":"C Fournier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fournier C, Goto Y, Ballestar E, Delaval K, Hever AM, Esteller M, et al. Allele-specific histone lysine methylation marks regulatory regions at imprinted mouse genes. EMBO J. 2002;21(23):6560\u201370.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"290_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.76.052705.162114","volume":"76","author":"MD Shahbazian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shahbazian MD, Grunstein M. Functions of site-specific histone acetylation and deacetylation. Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:75\u2013100.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00068-6","volume":"4","author":"J Silva","year":"2003","unstructured":"Silva J, Mak W, Zvetkova I, Appanah R, Nesterova TB, Webster Z, et al. Establishment of histone h3 methylation on the inactive X chromosome requires transient recruitment of Eed-Enx1 polycomb group complexes. Dev Cell. 2003;4(4):481\u201395.","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"290_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00157-0","volume":"112","author":"V Orlando","year":"2003","unstructured":"Orlando V. Polycomb, epigenomes, and control of cell identity. Cell. 2003;112(5):599\u2013606.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/ng787","volume":"30","author":"BA Boggs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boggs BA, Cheung P, Heard E, Spector DL, Chinault AC, Allis CD. Differentially methylated forms of histone H3 show unique association patterns with inactive human X chromosomes. Nat Genet. 2002;30(1):73\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/ng789","volume":"30","author":"AH Peters","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peters AH, Mermoud JE, O\u2019Carroll D, Pagani M, Schweizer D, Brockdorff N, et al. Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation is an epigenetic imprint of facultative heterochromatin. Nat Genet. 2002;30(1):77\u201380.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"290_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-376-9_6","volume":"809","author":"P Gade","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gade P, Kalvakolanu DV. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay as a tool for analyzing transcription factor activity. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;809:85\u2013104.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(03)00090-2","volume":"31","author":"LP O'Neill","year":"2003","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill LP, Turner BM. Immunoprecipitation of native chromatin: NChIP. Methods. 2003;31(1):76\u201382.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"290_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1996.0407","volume":"11","author":"V Orlando","year":"1997","unstructured":"Orlando V, Strutt H, Paro R. Analysis of chromatin structure by in vivo formaldehyde cross-linking. Methods. 1997;11(2):205\u201314.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1999.0879","volume":"19","author":"MH Kuo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kuo MH, Allis CD. In vivo cross-linking and immunoprecipitation for studying dynamic Protein:DNA associations in a chromatin environment. Methods. 1999;19(3):425\u201333.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"290_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.8.1943","volume":"20","author":"P Kuhnert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kuhnert P, Peterhans E, Pauli U. Chromatin structure and DNase I hypersensitivity in the transcriptionally active and inactive porcine tumor necrosis factor gene locus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992;20(8):1943\u20138.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"290_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02956.x","volume":"7","author":"TR Hebbes","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hebbes TR, Thorne AW, Crane-Robinson C. A direct link between core histone acetylation and transcriptionally active chromatin. EMBO J. 1988;7(5):1395\u2013402.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90277-4","volume":"23","author":"V Jackson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jackson V, Chalkley R. A new method for the isolation of replicative chromatin: selective deposition of histone on both new and old DNA. Cell. 1981;23(1):121\u201334.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005","volume":"128","author":"T Kouzarides","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kouzarides T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell. 2007;128(4):693\u2013705.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"19","key":"290_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6689","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.19.6689-6696.2002","volume":"22","author":"RA Irvine","year":"2002","unstructured":"Irvine RA, Lin IG, Hsieh CL. DNA methylation has a local effect on transcription and histone acetylation. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22(19):6689\u201396.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"290_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.451","volume":"4","author":"W Dai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dai W, Cheung AK, Ko JM, Cheng Y, Zheng H, Ngan RK, et al. Comparative methylome analysis in solid tumors reveals aberrant methylation at chromosome 6p in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Med. 2015;4(7):1079\u201390.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-015-0136-4","volume":"7","author":"J Charlton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Charlton J, Williams RD, Sebire NJ, Popov S, Vujanic G, Chagtai T, et al. Comparative methylome analysis identifies new tumour subtypes and biomarkers for transformation of nephrogenic rests into Wilms tumour. Genome Med. 2015;7(1):11.","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"290_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1820","volume":"38","author":"LP O'Neill","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill LP, VerMilyea MD, Turner BM. Epigenetic characterization of the early embryo with a chromatin immunoprecipitation protocol applicable to small cell populations. Nat Genet. 2006;38(7):835\u201341.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0430","volume":"25","author":"JA Dahl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dahl JA, Collas P. Q2ChIP, a quick and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, unravels epigenetic dynamics of developmentally regulated genes in human carcinoma cells. Stem cells. 2007;25(4):1037\u201346.","journal-title":"Stem cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm1158","volume":"36","author":"JA Dahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dahl JA, Collas P. MicroChIP\u2013a rapid micro chromatin immunoprecipitation assay for small cell samples and biopsies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36(3):e15.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"290_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.68","volume":"3","author":"JA Dahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dahl JA, Collas P. A rapid micro chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (microChIP). Nat Protoc. 2008;3(6):1032\u201345.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.27","volume":"1","author":"JD Nelson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nelson JD, Denisenko O, Bomsztyk K. Protocol for the fast chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(1):179\u201385.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gnj004","volume":"34","author":"JD Nelson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nelson JD, Denisenko O, Sova P, Bomsztyk K. Fast chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(1):e2.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn001","volume":"36","author":"S Flanagin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flanagin S, Nelson JD, Castner DG, Denisenko O, Bomsztyk K. Microplate-based chromatin immunoprecipitation method, Matrix ChIP: a platform to study signaling of complex genomic events. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36(3):e17.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"290_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2005","volume":"8","author":"M Esteller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Esteller M. Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps. Nat Rev Genet. 2007;8(4):286\u201398.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"290_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-284-1_2","volume":"977","author":"G Ling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ling G, Waxman DJ. Isolation of nuclei for use in genome-wide DNase hypersensitivity assays to probe chromatin structure. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;977:13\u20139.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"290_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01081-4","volume":"111","author":"K Ahmad","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ahmad K, Henikoff S. Epigenetic consequences of nucleosome dynamics. Cell. 2002;111(3):281\u20134.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7414","key":"290_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11232","volume":"489","author":"RE Thurman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thurman RE, Rynes E, Humbert R, Vierstra J, Maurano MT, Haugen E, et al. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome. Nature. 2012;489(7414):75\u201382.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"36","key":"290_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77625-X","volume":"263","author":"SC Elgin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Elgin SC. The formation and function of DNase I hypersensitive sites in the process of gene activation. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(36):19259\u201362.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6866","key":"290_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/414858a","volume":"414","author":"IFG King","year":"2001","unstructured":"King IFG, Kingston RE. Molecular biology: specifying transcription. Nature. 2001;414(6866):858\u201361.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"290_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes1 APWaJJ. Chromatin disruption and modification. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999; 27(3).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.3.711"},{"key":"290_CR114","volume-title":"Genome structure and function from chromosomes characterization to gene technology","author":"C Nicolini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nicolini C. Genome structure and function from chromosomes characterization to gene technology. Kluver Academic Publisher; 1997."},{"key":"290_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1089","volume":"33","author":"R Jaenisch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jaenisch R, Bird A. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nat Genet. 2003;33:245\u201354.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"290_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.122","volume":"35","author":"KA Lillycrop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC. Epigenetic changes in early life and future risk of obesity. Int J Obes. 2011;35(1):72\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"290_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2013.42","volume":"10","author":"N Azad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azad N, Zahnow CA, Rudin CM, Baylin SB. The future of epigenetic therapy in solid tumours\u2013lessons from the past. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2013;10(5):256\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00387-9","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000}}],"container-title":["Cellular &amp; Molecular Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11658-021-00290-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11658-021-00290-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11658-021-00290-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T10:04:33Z","timestamp":1666865073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cmbl.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s11658-021-00290-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11658-021-00290-9","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00387-9","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1425-8153","1689-1392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1425-8153","type":"print"},{"value":"1689-1392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11658-022-00387-9","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11658-022-00387-9","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}