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Nevertheless, the retention rate of AFG in patients with LoS is typically low. We hypothesize that the low retention rate may be partially attributed to the inherent abnormalities of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) from nonlesional sites of patients with LoS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed a comparative analysis of the single-cell transcriptome of the SVF from nonlesional sites of patients with LoS and healthy donors, including cellular compositional analysis, differential expression analysis, and high-dimensional weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Experimental validation with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis mice models were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found a significant reduction in the relative proportion of CD55<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup> interstitial progenitors in ASCs under the condition of LoS. Differential expression analysis revealed inherent abnormalities of ASCs from patients with LoS, including enhanced fibrogenesis, reduced anti-inflammatory properties, and increased oxidative stress. Compared with CD55<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup> ASCs, CD55<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup> ASCs expressed significantly higher levels of secreted protein genes that had functions related to anti-inflammation and tissue regeneration (such as <jats:italic>CD55<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MFAP5<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>METRNL<\/jats:italic>). Meanwhile, CD55<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup> ASCs expressed significantly lower levels of secreted protein genes that promote inflammation, such as chemokine and complement protein genes. Furthermore, we provided in vivo experimental evidence that CD55<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup> ASCs had superior treatment efficacy compared with CD55<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup> ASCs in bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis mice models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found that the low retention rate of AFG may be partially ascribed to the reduced pool of interstitial progenitor cells (CD55<jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>) present within the ASC population in patients with LoS. We demonstrated the potential for improving the efficacy of AFG in the treatment of LoS by restoring the pool of interstitial progenitors within ASCs. Our study has significant implications for the field of translational regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-024-00635-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T04:02:33Z","timestamp":1724990553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies inherent abnormalities of adipose-derived stem cells from nonlesional sites of patients with localized scleroderma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhujun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayson Chenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuzuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanze","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1060-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"635_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2012.01479.x","volume":"25","author":"A Kreuter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kreuter A. 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Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. The guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration were followed for human experiments. The animal experiments were approved by the ethics committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (approval number: XHDW-2021\u2013044; date: 4 August 2022) and conducted according to the rules of the Basel Declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"115"}}