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Here, the recognition\/interaction of LDL or oxLDL with LDL receptor (LDLR) or CD36 (a scavenger receptor) or with living cells at various pHs was evaluated mainly via atomic force microscopy (AFM). To improve force measurement accuracy, a novel, micro-droplet-based method for AFM probe functionalization was developed. We found that solution acidification significantly reduced the LDL\u2013LDLR binding at pH\u2009\u2264\u20096.4, whereas the oxLDL\u2013CD36 binding had no significant change until pH\u2009\u2264\u20094.4. Compared with a traditional immersion method, our micro-droplet method for AFM probe functionalization produced more accurate interaction forces, and revealed that\u00a0acidification significantly reduced the LDL\u2013LDLR\/cell interaction forces, instead of the oxLDL\u2013CD36\/cell-specific interaction forces and nonspecific interaction forces. The data\u00a0imply\u00a0that\u00a0the LDL\u2013LDLR\/cell recognition and interaction are susceptible to acidification, whereas the oxLDL\u2013CD36\/cell recognition and interaction are tolerant of acidification. The results may provide important novel information and biomechanical\/pathological implications for understanding lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00715-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T18:08:55Z","timestamp":1742321335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["AFM reveals differential effects of acidification on LDL\u2013 and oxidized LDL\u2013receptor interactions: biomechanical implications in atherogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongda","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-Cheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1678-1537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"715_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000084","volume":"25","author":"MM Hussain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hussain MM. 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