{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:50:12Z","timestamp":1788893412247,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Clinical Key Specialty Construction Project"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82270770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82400841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82400841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases","award":["2022B1212030003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1212030003"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation Enterprise Joint Fund","award":["2022A1515220028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515220028"]}]},{"name":"Zhanjiang Science and Technology Project","award":["2021A05060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A05060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Biol Lett"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), influenced by gut microbiota dysbiosis, is characterized by autoimmune and inflammatory responses. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) transplantation is an effective and safe treatment for refractory or severe SLE; however, the long-term efficacy and mechanisms of early hUC-MSC therapeutic benefits in SLE need further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here, lupus-prone MRL\/MpJ-<jats:italic>Fas<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\n                <jats:italic>lpr<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sup> (MRL\/<jats:italic>lpr<\/jats:italic>) mice were divided into three groups: the control (Ctrl) group received saline injections, while the MSC and MSC-fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) groups received early hUC-MSC transplants at weeks 6, 8, and 10. The MSC-FMT group also underwent FMT from the Ctrl group between weeks 9 and 13.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our results showed that early MSC treatment extended therapeutic effects up to 12\u00a0weeks, reducing autoantibodies, proinflammatory cytokines, B cells, and improving lupus nephritis. It also modulated the gut microbiota, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as <jats:italic>Lactobacillus johnsonii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Romboutsia ilealis<\/jats:italic>, which led to higher levels of plasma tryptophan and butyrate metabolites. These metabolites activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), upregulate the <jats:italic>Cyp1a1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cyp1b1<\/jats:italic> gene, enhance the zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) protein, promote intestinal repair, and mitigate SLE progression. Notably, FMT from lupus mice significantly reversed hUC-MSC benefits, suggesting that the modulation of the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the therapeutic response observed in MRL\/<jats:italic>lpr<\/jats:italic> mice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This research innovatively explores the early therapeutic window for MSCs in SLE, highlighting the partial mechanisms through which hUC-MSCs modulate the gut microbiota\u2013tryptophan\u2013AHR axis, thereby ameliorating SLE symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00716-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T08:53:27Z","timestamp":1744966407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exploring the role of gut microbiota modulation in the long-term therapeutic benefits of early MSC transplantation in MRL\/lpr mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Quanren","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengbiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haimin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengzhi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuyong","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8060-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingjun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"716_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0235-5","volume":"15","author":"G Murphy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murphy G, Isenberg DA. New therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus\u2014Past imperfect, future tense. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(7):403\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0141-9","volume":"6","author":"HJ Anders","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anders HJ, Saxena R, Zhao MH, Parodis I, Salmon JE, Mohan C. Lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):7.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00710-2","volume":"18","author":"S Sciascia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sciascia S, Roccatello D, Radin M, Parodis I, Yazdany J, Pons-Estel G, et al. Differentiating between UCTD and early-stage SLE: from definitions to clinical approach. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(1):9\u201321.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0133-2","volume":"15","author":"M Gatto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gatto M, Zen M, Iaccarino L, Doria A. New therapeutic strategies in systemic lupus erythematosus management. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(1):30\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"716_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.05.011","volume":"2","author":"A Urrestaraz\u00fa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urrestaraz\u00fa A, Otatti G, Silvari\u00f1o R, Garau M, Coiti\u00f1o R, Alvarez A, et al. Lupus nephritis in males: clinical features, course, and prognostic factors for end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(5):905\u201312.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101766","volume":"69","author":"G Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruiz-Irastorza G, Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Khamashta MA. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(1):20\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6380","key":"716_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7201","volume":"359","author":"S Manfredo Vieira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manfredo Vieira S, Hiltensperger M, Kumar V, Zegarra-Ruiz D, Dehner C, Khan N, et al. Translocation of a gut pathobiont drives autoimmunity in mice and humans. Science. 2018;359(6380):1156\u201361.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"716_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00628","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yu Y, Wang M, Wen C, He Z. Early and short-term interventions in the gut microbiota affects lupus severity, progression, and treatment in MRL\/lpr mice. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:628.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"716_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.728190","volume":"12","author":"A Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li A, Guo F, Pan Q, Chen S, Chen J, Liu HF, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy: hope for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 728190.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"716_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.01.029","volume":"10","author":"D Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang D, Zhang H, Liang J, Wang H, Hua B, Feng X, et al. A long-term follow-up study of allogeneic mesenchymal stem\/stromal cell transplantation in patients with drug-resistant systemic lupus erythematosus. Stem Cell Reports. 2018;10(3):933\u201341.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019050545","volume":"31","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu J, Chen J, Li W, Lian W, Huang J, Lai B, et al. Additive therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells and IL-37 for systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(1):54\u201365.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"716_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.960208","volume":"12","author":"A Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu A, Wang X, Liang X, Wang W, Li C, Qian J, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate immunoglobulin a secretion and remodel the diversification of intestinal microbiota to improve colitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12: 960208.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"716_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111723","volume":"103\u2013104","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhang Q, Liu H, Liu X, Yu Y, Han D, et al. Soy\u2013whey dual-protein alleviates osteoporosis of ovariectomized rats via regulating bone fat metabolism through gut\u2013liver\u2013bone axis. Nutrition. 2022;103\u2013104: 111723.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"12","key":"716_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i12.1905","volume":"13","author":"LN Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao LN, Ma SW, Xiao J, Yang LJ, Xu SX, Zhao L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy regulates gut microbiota to improve post-stroke neurological function recovery in rats. World J Stem Cells. 2021;13(12):1905\u201317.","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"716_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13028","volume":"54","author":"Y Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu Y, Zhu J, Feng B, Lin F, Zhou J, Liu J, et al. Immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem cells on lung and gut CD8(+) T cells in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Cell Prolif. 2021;54(5): e13028.","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"issue":"14","key":"716_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6500","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.44113","volume":"10","author":"W Lv","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lv W, Graves DT, He L, Shi Y, Deng X, Zhao Y, et al. Depletion of the diabetic gut microbiota resistance enhances stem cells therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Theranostics. 2020;10(14):6500\u201316.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03432-2","volume":"14","author":"F Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo F, Pan Q, Chen T, Liao S, Li S, Li A, et al. hUC-MSC transplantation therapy effects on lupus-prone MRL\/lpr mice at early disease stages. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):211.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"716_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","volume":"8","author":"M Dominici","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy. 2006;8(4):315\u20137.","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"716_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050415","volume":"12","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang J, Lu L, Tian X, Wang K, Xie G, Li H, et al. Lipidomics revealed aberrant lipid metabolism caused by inflammation in cardiac tissue in the early stage of systemic lupus erythematosus in a murine model. Metabolites. 2022;12(5):415.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"716_CR20","unstructured":"Yang YT, Jiang XH, He ZM, Zhang TY, Shang HT, Wei H. Gut microbes transplantation of germ-free mice. Bio-101. 2021:e2003646."},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2021-000611","volume":"9","author":"XC Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen XC, Wu D, Wu HL, Li HY, Yang C, Su HY, et al. Metformin improves renal injury of MRL\/lpr lupus-prone mice via the AMPK\/STAT3 pathway. Lupus Sci Med. 2022;9(1): e000611.","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"716_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2914","volume":"15","author":"GV Zuccarino-Catania","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuccarino-Catania GV, Sadanand S, Weisel FJ, Tomayko MM, Meng H, Kleinstein SH, et al. CD80 and PD-L2 define functionally distinct memory B cell subsets that are independent of antibody isotype. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(7):631\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"7763","key":"716_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1285-1","volume":"571","author":"JE Oh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oh JE, Iijima N, Song E, Lu P, Klein J, Jiang R, et al. Migrant memory B cells secrete luminal antibody in the vagina. Nature. 2019;571(7763):122\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"16","key":"716_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw191","volume":"32","author":"G Monaco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monaco G, Chen H, Poidinger M, Chen J, de Magalh\u00e3es JP, Larbi A. flowAI: automatic and interactive anomaly discerning tools for flow cytometry data. Bioinformatics. 2016;32(16):2473\u201380.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","volume":"12","author":"B Buchfink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buchfink B, Xie C, Huson DH. Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND. Nat Methods. 2015;12(1):59\u201360.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"W1","key":"716_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W159","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac394","volume":"50","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yang X, Gan J, Chen S, Xiao ZX, Cao Y. CB-Dock2: improved protein-ligand blind docking by integrating cavity detection, docking and homologous template fitting. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022;50(W1):W159\u201364.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"716_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00987-1","volume":"20","author":"CH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim CH. Complex regulatory effects of gut microbial short-chain fatty acids on immune tolerance and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20(4):341\u201350.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"716_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687734","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2687734","volume":"2023","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Wan M, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zhu S, Cao X, et al. Effects of tributyrin supplementation on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation-related gene expression of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) fed with a high level of clostridium autoethanogenum protein. Aquac Nutr. 2023;2023:2687734.","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr"},{"issue":"14","key":"716_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.06.027","volume":"68","author":"ZM Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang ZM, Zeng SL, Huang TQ, Lin Y, Wang FF, Gao XJ, et al. Sinomenine ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by modulating tryptophan metabolism and activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor via gut microbiota regulation. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2023;68(14):1540\u201355.","journal-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing)"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01569-z","volume":"11","author":"Z Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma Z, Akhtar M, Pan H, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhou X, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation improves chicken growth performance by balancing jejunal Th17\/Treg cells. Microbiome. 2023;11(1):137.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"8","key":"716_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27548","volume":"62","author":"L Sun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sun L, Wang D, Liang J, Zhang H, Feng X, Wang H, et al. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in severe and refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(8):2467\u201375.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"45","key":"716_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw0693","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw0693","volume":"5","author":"DC Dasoveanu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dasoveanu DC, Park HJ, Ly CL, Shipman WD, Chyou S, Kumar V, et al. Lymph node stromal CCL2 limits antibody responses. Sci Immunol. 2020;5(45):eaaw0693.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"716_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3802","volume":"15","author":"T Kurosaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kurosaki T, Kometani K, Ise W. Memory B cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(3):149\u201359.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"716_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213615","volume":"77","author":"K Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma K, Li J, Wang X, Lin X, Du W, Yang X, et al. TLR4(+)CXCR4(+) plasma cells drive nephritis development in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(10):1498\u2013506.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"24","key":"716_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02676-14","volume":"80","author":"H Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang H, Liao X, Sparks JB, Luo XM. Dynamics of gut microbiota in autoimmune lupus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80(24):7551\u201360.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"551","key":"716_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax2220","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax2220","volume":"12","author":"SC Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi SC, Brown J, Gong M, Ge Y, Zadeh M, Li W, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis and altered tryptophan catabolism contribute to autoimmunity in lupus-susceptible mice. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(551):eaax2220.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"716_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","volume":"23","author":"A Agus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agus A, Planchais J, Sokol H. Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23(6):716\u201324.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0300-8","volume":"5","author":"Q Mu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mu Q, Zhang H, Liao X, Lin K, Liu H, Edwards MR, et al. Control of lupus nephritis by changes of gut microbiota. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):73.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"716_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122189","volume":"334","author":"Y Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu Y, Zhang C, Xie H, Wu Z, Tao Y, Wang Z, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviated TNBS-induced colitis in mice by restoring the balance of intestinal microbes and immunoregulation. Life Sci. 2023;334: 122189.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100348","volume":"66","author":"YT Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen YT, Chiou SY, Hsu AH, Lin YC, Lin JS. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain LRH05 intervention ameliorated body weight gain and adipose inflammation via modulating the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2022;66(1): e2100348.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"716_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14303","volume":"16","author":"X Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen X, Wang Z, Liu Q, Lessing DJ, Chu W. Acetobacter pasteurianus BP2201 alleviates alcohol-induced hepatic and neuro-toxicity and modulate gut microbiota in mice. Microb Biotechnol. 2023;16:1834\u201357.","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"issue":"8","key":"716_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","volume":"16","author":"B Dalile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B, Verbeke K. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(8):461\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"716_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.604283","volume":"7","author":"H He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He H, Xu H, Xu J, Zhao H, Lin Q, Zhou Y, et al. Sodium butyrate ameliorates gut microbiota dysbiosis in lupus-like mice. Front Nutr. 2020;7: 604283.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"716_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289364","volume":"18","author":"N Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang N, Lan T, Han Y, Zhao H, Wang C, Xu Z, et al. Tributyrin alleviates gut microbiota dysbiosis to repair intestinal damage in antibiotic-treated mice. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(7): e0289364.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"32","key":"716_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19376","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000047117","volume":"117","author":"SA Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott SA, Fu J, Chang PV. Microbial tryptophan metabolites regulate gut barrier function via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(32):19376\u201387.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"716_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092846","volume":"12","author":"M Ghiboub","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghiboub M, Verburgt CM, Sovran B, Benninga MA, de Jonge WJ, Van Limbergen JE. Nutritional therapy to modulate tryptophan metabolism and aryl hydrocarbon-receptor signaling activation in human diseases. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2846.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859812","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1859812","volume":"12","author":"F Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong F, Perdew GH. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a mediator of host-microbiota interplay. Gut Microbes. 2020;12(1):1859812.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"13","key":"716_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c04145","volume":"70","author":"JE Koper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koper JE, Troise AD, Loonen LM, Vitaglione P, Capuano E, Fogliano V, et al. Tryptophan supplementation increases the production of microbial-derived AHR agonists in an in vitro simulator of intestinal microbial ecosystem. J Agric Food Chem. 2022;70(13):3958\u201368.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05470-4","volume":"9","author":"HM Roager","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roager HM, Licht TR. Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3294.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"716_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.047","volume":"161","author":"WT Kuo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuo WT, Zuo L, Odenwald MA, Madha S, Singh G, Gurniak CB, et al. The tight junction protein ZO-1 is dispensable for barrier function but critical for effective mucosal repair. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(6):1924\u201339.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"716_CR51","first-page":"1560","volume":"41","author":"Z Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Z, Li L, Chen W, Wang Q, Xiao W, Ma Y, et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation maintained the intestinal epithelial barrier function through Notch1 dependent signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41(3):1560\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"716_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00064-21","volume":"34","author":"TD Shaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaw TD, Krasnodembskaya AD, Schroeder GN, Zumla A, Maeurer M, O\u2019Kane CM. Mesenchymal stromal cells: an antimicrobial and host-directed therapy for complex infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021;34(4): e0006421.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"716_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251956","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1251956","volume":"14","author":"E Andalib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andalib E, Kashfi M, Mahmoudvand G, Rezaei E, Mahjoor M, Torki A, et al. Application of hypoxia-mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of anaerobic bacterial wound infection: wound healing and infection recovery. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1251956.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01008-7","volume":"28","author":"MJ Saadh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saadh MJ, Mikhailova MV, Rasoolzadegan S, Falaki M, Akhavanfar R, Gonzales JLA, et al. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs)-based cell therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) therapy. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):47.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"716_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03578-z","volume":"14","author":"A Hoseinzadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoseinzadeh A, Mahmoudi M, Rafatpanah H, Rezaieyazdi Z, Tavakol Afshari J, Hosseini S, et al. A new generation of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells differentially trained by immunoregulatory probiotics in a lupus microenvironment. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):358.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Cellular &amp; Molecular Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11658-025-00716-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11658-025-00716-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11658-025-00716-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T10:02:53Z","timestamp":1744970573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cmbl.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s11658-025-00716-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11658-025-00716-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1689-1392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1689-1392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal studies complied with the ethical guidelines for researchers by the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) and were approved by the Guangdong Medical University Animal Care Committee (permission number: GDY2103031; date issued: 25 August 2021).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"49"}}