{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T03:52:11Z","timestamp":1770090731659,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discover Nano"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Viral infections during pregnancy can lead to several adverse outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, intrauterine growth restriction, and neonatal complications, which may manifest congenital malformations and organ dysfunction. Infants who exhibit symptoms following maternal infection tend to have poorer health outcomes compared to their asymptomatic counterparts. Various viruses are known to cause birth defects, with the most common being cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Zika virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. In this review article, we examined the most prevalent maternal viral infections that can cross the placental barrier and affect the fetus, potentially resulting in severe damage. Nanomedicine emerges as a promising candidate capable of traversing the placenta to mitigate viral infections in the fetus, thereby minimizing damage. We explored several classes of nanoparticle-based clinical approaches, along with their associated complications and success rates in various trials targeting different types of maternal viral infections. Additionally, we discussed several nanomedicines that can effectively combat viral infections during pregnancy, serving as potential safeguards for both the mother and the fetus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-026-04449-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:14:25Z","timestamp":1770041665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanomedicine in maternal viral infections: advancing prenatal therapies for fetal protection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Akmal","family":"Zubair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syeda Maryam","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghazala","family":"Ambreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranya Mohammed","family":"Elmagzoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Muaz","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Alhadhrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4449_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01343-9","volume":"17","author":"C Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu C, Wu X, Xia J. Hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy. Virol J. 2020;17:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00361-w","volume":"18","author":"NA Terrault","year":"2021","unstructured":"Terrault NA, et al. Viral hepatitis and pregnancy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(2):117\u201330.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2018.05.013","volume":"45","author":"C Leeper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leeper C, Lutzkanin A. Infections during pregnancy. Prim Care: Clin Office Pract. 2018;45(3):567\u201386.","journal-title":"Prim Care: Clin Office Pract"},{"key":"4449_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02266","volume":"9","author":"Ld Noronha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noronha Ld, et al. Zika virus infection at different pregnancy stages: anatomopathological findings, target cells and viral persistence in placental tissues. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2266.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4449_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reef SE, Plotkin SA. Rubella, In: Remington and Klein\u2019s Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 2025, Elsevier. pp. 787\u2013815. e12.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-79525-8.00039-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00073","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00073-23","volume":"37","author":"PS Creisher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Creisher PS, Klein SL. Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2024;37(2):e00073\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4449_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109433","volume":"198","author":"X Hong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hong X, et al. Maternal exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and epitope level antibody response to vaccines against measles and Rubella in children from the Boston birth cohort. Environ Int. 2025;198:109433.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00313","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00313-23","volume":"62","author":"AL Leber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leber AL. Maternal and congenital human cytomegalovirus infection: laboratory testing for detection and diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2024;62(4):e00313\u201323.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4449_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubair A, et al. Current challenges with highly active antiretroviral therapy and new hope and horizon with CRISPR-CAS9 technology for HIV treatment. Chem Biol Drug Design; 2025;105( 5):e70121.","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.70121"},{"key":"4449_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassmann S. Neonatal T cells unleash innate powers to combat congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Clin Investig, 2025. 135(1).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI187789"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012935","volume":"21","author":"AJ Dutton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dutton AJ, et al. Asymptomatic neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in mice leads to persistent CNS infection and long-term cognitive impairment. PLoS Pathog. 2025;21(2):e1012935.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071037","volume":"16","author":"MT Hussain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussain MT, Stanfield BA, Bernstein DI. Small animal models to study herpes simplex virus infections. Viruses. 2024;16(7):1037.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4449_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubair A, Ali M, Akhtar N. HIV-1 Nef gene characterization and subtype analysis in Pakistan: a molecular docking approach with Mastoparan-L peptide. Int J Peptide Res Ther, 2025. 31(3): p. 46.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-025-10702-5"},{"key":"4449_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo L et al. Epidemiological trends of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) Infections: a six-year analysis from a dermatology hospital in Southern China (2019\u20132024). 2025.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.176078356.62932077\/v1"},{"key":"4449_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ageeb RA et al. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the United States: systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. Iscience, 2024:27(9).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110652"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056307","volume":"101","author":"M Harfouche","year":"2025","unstructured":"Harfouche M, et al. Estimated global and regional incidence and prevalence of herpes simplex virus infections and genital ulcer disease in 2020: mathematical modelling analyses. Sex Transm Infect. 2025;101(4):214\u201323.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"4449_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutton A et al. Asymptomatic neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in mice leads to long-term cognitive impairment. bioRxiv, 2024: p. 2024.04. 22.590596.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.22.590596"},{"key":"4449_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke E, et al. Joint British association for sexual health and HIV and Royal college of obstetricians and gynaecologists National UK guideline for the management of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in pregnancy and the neonate (2024 update). International journal of STD & AIDS; 2025;36:4\u201323. 1.","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624241280734"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-025-00668-z","volume":"22","author":"A Zubair","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zubair A, et al. Unveiling the dynamics: Understanding the current scenario and drivers of HIV epidemiology in Pakistan. Retrovirology. 2025;22(1):12.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5549074","DOI":"10.1155\/arat\/5549074","volume":"2025","author":"A Zubair","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zubair A, et al. Assessment of HIV infection in HIV patients admitted to Pakistan Institute of medical sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. AIDS Res Treat. 2025;2025(1):5549074.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18828-8","volume":"15","author":"A Zubair","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zubair A, et al. Integrative genomic and immunoinformatic approach for characterizing HIV-1 pol, vpr, and Nef genes and designing a multi-epitope vaccine. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):33690.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4449_CR22","unstructured":"Zubair A, Ali M, Hessien MM. Computer-Aided algorithmic approaches to drug development for Multi-Mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Clin Pharm Drug Dev. n\/a(n\/a)."},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-025-02149-z","volume":"61","author":"A Zubair","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zubair A, et al. Molecular characterization and drug resistance pattern in pol gene of HIV-1 sub-subtypes circulating in Lahore, Pakistan. Virus Genes. 2025;61(3):324\u201341.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61764-2","volume":"14","author":"LM Bebell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bebell LM, et al. Distinct cytokine profiles in late pregnancy in Ugandan people with HIV. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):10980.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44166-2","volume":"15","author":"C Evans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Evans C, et al. Inflammation and cytomegalovirus viremia during pregnancy drive sex-differentiated differences in mortality and immune development in HIV-exposed infants. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):2909.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21497-x","volume":"25","author":"WN Asferie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asferie WN, et al. Effect of maternal HIV infection on birth outcomes among HIV positive women in sub saharan africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):459.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4449_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes L, Wolfe B, Golos T. Hofbauer cells: placental macrophages of fetal origin. Macrophages: origin, functions and biointervention, 2017: 45\u201360.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54090-0_3"},{"key":"4449_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756035","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756035","volume":"12","author":"G Fakonti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fakonti G, et al. Placental macrophage (Hofbauer cell) responses to infection during pregnancy: a systematic scoping review. Front Immunol. 2022;12:756035.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12613","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12613","volume":"77","author":"MK Simoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simoni MK, et al. Zika virus infection of Hofbauer cells. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2):e12613.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4449_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225767","volume":"14","author":"V Bokun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bokun V, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus exhibits differential tropism for distinct human placental cell types with Hofbauer cells acting as a permissive reservoir for infection. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(12):e0225767.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4449_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chase V, Guller S. Hofbauer cells and placental viral infection. In: Reproductive immunology. Elsevier; 2021. pp. 295\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818508-7.00019-1"},{"issue":"8689","key":"4449_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90349-A","volume":"335","author":"S Lewis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lewis S, et al. HIV-1 in trophoblastic and villous Hofbauer cells, and haematological precursors in eight-week fetuses. Lancet. 1990;335(8689):565\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"4449_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14406","volume":"46","author":"D Dang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dang D, et al. Potential effects of SARS-CoV\u20102 infection during pregnancy on fetuses and newborns are worthy of attention. J Obstet Gynecol Res. 2020;46(10):1951\u20137.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"4449_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166198","volume":"1867","author":"C Auriti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Auriti C, et al. Pregnancy and viral infections: mechanisms of fetal damage, diagnosis and prevention of neonatal adverse outcomes from cytomegalovirus to SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus. Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA)-Mol Basis Dis. 2021;1867(10):166198.","journal-title":"Biochim Et Biophys Acta (BBA)-Mol Basis Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00787-w","volume":"20","author":"SE Dunn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dunn SE, Perry WA, Klein SL. Mechanisms and consequences of sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20(1):37\u201355.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-00996-9","volume":"24","author":"KS Forsyth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forsyth KS, et al. The connexion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2024;24(7):487\u2013502.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-024-00525-x","volume":"17","author":"S Bhattacharya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S, Sadhukhan D, Saraswathy R. Role of sex in immune response and epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2024;17(1):1.","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52116-1","volume":"14","author":"A Rajamanickam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajamanickam A, et al. Sex-specific differences in systemic immune responses in MIS-C children. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):1720.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4449_CR39","unstructured":"Silva J et al. Sex differences in symptomatology and immune profiles of Long COVID. MedRxiv, 2024: p. 2024.02. 29.24303568."},{"key":"4449_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662578","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.662578","volume":"15","author":"P Tav\u010dar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tav\u010dar P, et al. Neurotropic viruses, astrocytes, and COVID-19. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:662578.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02930-6","volume":"95","author":"BM Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu BM, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections in children due to emerging and re-emerging neurotropic viruses. Pediatr Res. 2024;95(2):543\u201350.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040561","volume":"16","author":"M-A Calder\u00f3n-Pel\u00e1ez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Pel\u00e1ez M-A, et al. Zika virus: a neurotropic warrior against high-grade Gliomas\u2014Unveiling its potential for oncolytic virotherapy. Viruses. 2024;16(4):561.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24353","volume":"71","author":"A Quincozes-Santos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quincozes-Santos A, et al. The role of glial cells in Zika virus\u2010induced neurodegeneration. Glia. 2023;71(8):1791\u2013803.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"12","key":"4449_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121518","volume":"13","author":"B Costa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costa B, Gouveia MJ, Vale N. Oxidative stress induced by antivirals: implications for adverse outcomes during pregnancy and in newborns. Antioxidants. 2024;13(12):1518.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"39","key":"4449_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado7087","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado7087","volume":"10","author":"J Chronopoulos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chronopoulos J, et al. Pregnancy enhances antiviral immunity independent of type I IFN but dependent on IL-17\u2013producing \u03b3\u03b4\u2009+\u2009T cells in the nasal mucosa. Sci Adv. 2024;10(39):eado7087.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"4449_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320319","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1320319","volume":"17","author":"S Manti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manti S, et al. Impact of respiratory viral infections during pregnancy on the neurological outcomes of the newborn: current knowledge. Front NeuroSci. 2024;17:1320319.","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.02.018","volume":"223","author":"M Leruez-Ville","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leruez-Ville M, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy: state of the science. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(3):330\u201349.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy321","volume":"218","author":"MM Mussi-Pinhata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mussi-Pinhata MM, et al. Seroconversion for cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy and fetal infection in a highly seropositive population:the brachs study. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(8):1200\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4449_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.04.016","volume":"104","author":"T-l Shi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shi T-l, et al. The risk of herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy upon adverse pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2018;104:48\u201355.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252309","volume":"16","author":"SJ Balegamire","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balegamire SJ, et al. Frequency, timing and risk factors for primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy in Quebec. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0252309.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"4449_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261011","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261011","volume":"16","author":"C P\u00e9rillaud-Dubois","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rillaud-Dubois C, et al. Current practices of management of maternal and congenital cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy after a maternal primary infection occurring in first trimester of pregnancy: systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(12):e0261011.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4449_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler KB, Boppana SB. Congenital cytomegalovirus Infection. In: Seminars in perinatology. Elsevier; 2018.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2018.02.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01627","DOI":"10.1128\/aac","volume":"65","author":"ST Hamilton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamilton ST, Marschall M, Rawlinson WD. Investigational antiviral therapy models for the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;65(1):01627\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040731","volume":"12","author":"AG Mocanu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mocanu AG, et al. The impact of latent cytomegalovirus infection on spontaneous abortion history and pregnancy outcomes in Romanian pregnant women. Microorganisms. 2024;12(4):731.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"10","key":"4449_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101552","volume":"16","author":"MH Pesch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pesch MH, et al. Intrauterine fetal demise, spontaneous abortion and congenital cytomegalovirus: a systematic review of the incidence and histopathologic features. Viruses. 2024;16(10):1552.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00549-4","volume":"22","author":"M Iannacone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iannacone M, Guidotti LG. Immunobiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22(1):19\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00050-4","volume":"7","author":"CJ Alberts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alberts CJ, et al. Worldwide prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with cirrhosis at country, region, and global levels: a systematic review. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(8):724\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10332","key":"4449_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02691-X","volume":"399","author":"AK Winter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winter AK, Moss WJ. Rubella Lancet. 2022;399(10332):1336\u201346.","journal-title":"Rubella Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-025-10702-5","volume":"31","author":"A Zubair","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zubair A, Ali M, Akhtar N. HIV-1 Nef gene characterization and subtype analysis in pakistan: a molecular Docking approach with Mastoparan-L peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2025;31(3):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Pept Res Ther"},{"key":"4449_CR60","unstructured":"Zubair A, et al. mRNA vaccines against HIV: hopes and challenges. HIV medicine; 2025."},{"issue":"12","key":"4449_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00582-z","volume":"19","author":"P Griffiths","year":"2021","unstructured":"Griffiths P, Reeves M. Pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus in the immunocompromised host. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(12):759\u201373.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1982373","volume":"12","author":"S Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu S, Viejo-Borbolla A. Pathogenesis and virulence of herpes simplex virus. Virulence. 2021;12(1):2670\u2013702.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-034739","volume":"18","author":"MI Giraldo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giraldo MI, Gonzalez-Orozco M, Rajsbaum R. Pathogenesis of Zika virus infection. Annu Rev Pathol. 2023;18(1):181\u2013203.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"4449_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.07.003","volume":"71","author":"D Ndwandwe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ndwandwe D, Wiysonge CS. COVID-19 vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol. 2021;71:111\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020439","volume":"15","author":"R Tayyar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tayyar R, Ho D. Herpes simplex virus and varicella Zoster virus infections in cancer patients. Viruses. 2023;15(2):439.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4449_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.01.055","volume":"259","author":"WAB Hammad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hammad WAB, Konje JC. Herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy\u2013An update. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;259:38\u201345.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5587","volume":"40","author":"F Fa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fa F, et al. Fetal and neonatal abnormalities due to congenital herpes simplex virus infection: a literature review. Prenat Diagn. 2020;40(4):408\u201314.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"4449_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinninti SG, Kimberlin DW. Neonatal herpes simplex virus Infections. In: Seminars In perinatology. Elsevier; 2018.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2018.02.004"},{"issue":"10","key":"4449_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"02349","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi","volume":"95","author":"PK Das","year":"2021","unstructured":"Das PK, Kielian M. Molecular and structural insights into the life cycle of Rubella virus. J Virol. 2021;95(10):02349\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"19","key":"4449_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193543","volume":"16","author":"AR Mawson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mawson AR, Croft AM. Rubella virus infection, the congenital Rubella syndrome, and the link to autism. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(19):3543.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4449_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.07.024","volume":"76","author":"Y Wondimeneh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wondimeneh Y, et al. Rubella virus infections and immune status among pregnant women before the introduction of Rubella vaccine in Amhara regional State, Ethiopia. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;76:14\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4449_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1753-x","volume":"18","author":"AB Guerra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guerra AB, et al. Seroprevalence of HIV, HTLV, CMV, HBV and Rubella virus infections in pregnant adolescents who received care in the City of Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Northern Brazil. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0317382","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317382","volume":"20","author":"A Zubair","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zubair A, et al. Targeting HIV-1 conserved regions: an immunoinformatic pathway to vaccine innovation for the Asia. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(3):e0317382.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4449_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubair A et al. Molecular characterization and drug resistance pattern in pol gene of HIV-1 sub-subtypes circulating in Lahore, Pakistan. Virus Genes, 2025: pp. 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-025-02149-z"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-024-01425-9","volume":"24","author":"A Zubair","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zubair A, et al. Clinical trials and recent progress in HIV vaccine development. Funct Integr Genom. 2024;24(5):143.","journal-title":"Funct Integr Genom"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz121","volume":"69","author":"A Colbers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colbers A, et al. Importance of prospective studies in pregnant and breastfeeding women living with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(7):1254\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5651-y","volume":"18","author":"O Omonaiye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omonaiye O, et al. Medication adherence in pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus receiving antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1\u201320.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2020.1803540","volume":"78","author":"M Farsimadan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farsimadan M, Motamedifar M. The effects of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and-2, human herpesvirus-6 and-8, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus on female fertility and pregnancy. Br J Biomed Sci. 2021;78(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4449_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy008","volume":"66","author":"JB Nachega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nachega JB, et al. Achieving viral suppression in 90% of people living with human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral therapy in low-and middle-income countries: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(10):1487\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae474","volume":"80","author":"CD Lahiri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lahiri CD, et al. Short and long-term body weight change following the switch to or the addition of integrase inhibitors in persons with HIV differs by sex. Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80(3):575\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR81","first-page":"499","volume":"38","author":"SS Bailin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bailin SS, Koethe JR. Weight gain and antiretroviral therapy. Infect Disease Clin. 2024;38(3):499\u2013515.","journal-title":"Infect Disease Clin"},{"key":"4449_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihealsick E, Word A, Scully EP. The impact of sex on HIV Immunopathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. J Clin Investig, 2024. 134(18).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI180075"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13729","volume":"26","author":"S Abgrall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abgrall S, et al. Viral rebound on antiretroviral therapy in France according to region of origin, sex, and HIV acquisition group. Results from the French hospital database on HIV (ANRS CO4-FHDH). HIV Med. 2025;26(2):252\u201364.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"4449_CR84","unstructured":"Tiendrebeogo T, et al. Sex-based disparities in the transition to Dolutegravir-Based antiretroviral therapy In West African HIV Cohorts. In: Open forum infectious diseases. Oxford University Press US; 2024."},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0301335","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301335","volume":"19","author":"N Nu\u00f1o","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1o N, et al. Sex differences in health-related quality of life and poverty risk among older people living with HIV in spain: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(5):e0301335.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246643","volume":"16","author":"MM Martins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins MM, et al. Fetal, neonatal, and infant outcomes associated with maternal Zika virus infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0246643.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5446","volume":"39","author":"L Pomar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pomar L, et al. Zika virus during pregnancy: from maternal exposure to congenital Zika virus syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2019;39(6):420\u201330.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"issue":"11","key":"4449_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110598","volume":"10","author":"EA Caine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caine EA, Jagger BW, Diamond MS. Animal models of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Viruses. 2018;10(11):598.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05458-0","volume":"9","author":"JA Regla-Nava","year":"2018","unstructured":"Regla-Nava JA, et al. Cross-reactive dengue virus-specific CD8\u2009+\u2009T cells protect against Zika virus during pregnancy. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3042.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4449_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subissi L et al. Zika virus infection during pregnancy and effects on early childhood development, French Polynesia, 2013\u20132016. Emerging Infect Dis, 2018. 24(10): p. 1850.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.172079"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.01.005","volume":"50","author":"JA Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown JA, et al. Dengue virus immunity increases Zika virus-induced damage during pregnancy. Immunity. 2019;50(3):751\u201362. e5.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.11.004","volume":"24","author":"ML Nogueira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nogueira ML, et al. Adverse birth outcomes associated with Zika virus exposure during pregnancy in S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(6):646\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814000636","volume":"142","author":"P Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu P, et al. The prevalence and risk of human papillomavirus infection in pregnant women. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142(8):1567\u201378.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.2001.6.1.153","volume":"6","author":"RS Gibbs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gibbs RS. The relationship between infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes: an overview. Annals Period. 2001;6(1):153\u201363.","journal-title":"Annals Period"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94563-4","volume":"15","author":"Y Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin Y, et al. The distribution and the relationship of HPV subtypes infection with pregnancy outcomes. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):10138.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06958-2","volume":"24","author":"MR V\u00e6rnesbranden","year":"2024","unstructured":"V\u00e6rnesbranden MR, et al. Human papillomavirus infections during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a Scandinavian prospective mother-child cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):764.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR97","first-page":"346","volume":"36","author":"M Yuping","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuping M, et al. Effects of HPV infection and imbalance of vaginal microecology in pregnant women on pregnancy outcomes and neonates. Chin J Microecol. 2024;36(3):346\u201350.","journal-title":"Chin J Microecol"},{"key":"4449_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.126986","volume":"54","author":"S Yuill","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuill S, et al. Predicted impact of HPV vaccination and primary HPV screening on precancer treatment rates and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Australia 2010\u20132070: modelling in a high income, high vaccination coverage country with HPV-based cervical screening. Vaccine. 2025;54:126986.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4449_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta A, et al. Diabetes as a risk factor for pregnancy outcome In HPV-affected pregnancy. In: Endocrine abstracts. Bioscientifica; 2025.","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.109.P134"},{"key":"4449_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.106010","volume":"92","author":"MA Rashed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rashed MA. 49. Pregnancy outcomes following maternal and paternal exposure to Teriflunomide. Multiple Scler Relat Disorders. 2024;92:106010.","journal-title":"Multiple Scler Relat Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072425","volume":"14","author":"P Tomecka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tomecka P, et al. HPV infection in children and adolescents\u2014A comprehensive review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(7):2425.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000509290","volume":"85","author":"H Akhtar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akhtar H, et al. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in pregnancy: a systematic review. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2020;85(4):295\u2013306.","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"issue":"10226","key":"4449_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30365-2","volume":"395","author":"J Qiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? Lancet. 2020;395(10226):760\u20132.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4449_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wastnedge EA et al. Pregnancy and COVID-19. Physiological reviews, 2020.","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13533","volume":"152","author":"D Salem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salem D, Katranji F, Bakdash T. COVID-19 infection in pregnant women: review of maternal and fetal outcomes. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2021;152(3):291\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"15","key":"4449_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa225","volume":"71","author":"S Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang S, et al. A case report of neonatal COVID-19 infection in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):853\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4449_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.08.007","volume":"253","author":"T Todros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Todros T, Masturzo B, De Francia S. COVID-19 infection: ACE2, pregnancy and preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;253:330.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"23","key":"4449_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1850683","volume":"35","author":"RG Shmakov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shmakov RG, et al. Clinical course of novel COVID-19 infection in pregnant women. J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(23):4431\u20137.","journal-title":"J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"4449_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz EI, Herrera E, De La Torre A. Coronavirus (COVID 19) infection in pregnancy. Colombia m\u00e9dica, 2020. 51(2).","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v51i2.4271"},{"key":"4449_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.09.013","volume":"170","author":"KM Nelson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nelson KM, et al. Diseases and conditions that impact maternal and fetal health and the potential for nanomedicine therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;170:425\u201338.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.05.003","volume":"27","author":"N de Alwis","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Alwis N, Binder NK, Hannan NJ. Pre-eclampsia: challenges for nanomedicine development in pregnancy. Trends Mol Med. 2021;27(8):824\u20135.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/sci4010011","volume":"4","author":"M Difonzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Difonzo M, et al. How could nanomedicine improve the safety of contrast agents for MRI during pregnancy? Sci. 2022;4(1):11.","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"4449_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113855","volume":"178","author":"\u017d Vani\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vani\u0107 \u017d, J\u00f8raholmen MW, \u0160kalko-Basnet N. Nanomedicines for the topical treatment of vulvovaginal infections: addressing the challenges of antimicrobial resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;178:113855.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"4449_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2021.102412","volume":"36","author":"S N\u2019Dea","year":"2021","unstructured":"N\u2019Dea S, et al. Gold nanoparticle biodistribution in pregnant mice following intravenous administration varies with gestational age. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2021;36:102412.","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med"},{"issue":"31","key":"4449_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6548","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB00612B","volume":"8","author":"S N\u2019Dea","year":"2020","unstructured":"N\u2019Dea S, et al. Design of nanomaterials for applications in maternal\/fetal medicine. J Mater Chem B. 2020;8(31):6548\u201361.","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"4449_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hammadi MM, Arias JL. Nanomedicine for vaginal drug delivery. In: Theory and applications of nonparenteral nanomedicines. Elsevier; 2021. pp. 235\u201357.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820466-5.00011-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e574","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30190-9","volume":"7","author":"NP Pai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pai NP, et al. Modern diagnostic technologies for HIV. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(8):e574\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR118","first-page":"e1774","volume":"14","author":"I Rodr\u00edguez-Izquierdo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Izquierdo I, et al. Baseline and time\u2010updated factors in preclinical development of anionic dendrimers as successful anti\u2010HIV\u20101 vaginal microbicides. Wiley Interdiscip Rev: Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2022;14(3):e1774.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev: Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"},{"issue":"15","key":"4449_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153642","volume":"20","author":"B Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang B, et al. Surface-functionalized nanoparticles as efficient tools in targeted therapy of pregnancy complications. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3642.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.10.136","volume":"10","author":"F Chiodo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chiodo F, et al. Glycosystems in nanotechnology: gold glyconanoparticles as carrier for anti-HIV prodrugs. Beilstein J Org Chem. 2014;10(1):1339\u201346.","journal-title":"Beilstein J Org Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022007","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-959X\/abffed","volume":"2","author":"MZ Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad MZ, et al. Repurposed drug against COVID-19: nanomedicine as an approach for finding new hope in old medicines. Nano Express. 2021;2(2):022007.","journal-title":"Nano Express"},{"issue":"02","key":"4449_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424862221500123","volume":"6","author":"N Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta N, et al. Nanomedicine technology and COVID-19 outbreak: applications and challenges. J Industrial Integr Manage. 2021;6(02):161\u201374.","journal-title":"J Industrial Integr Manage"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.30699\/ijmm.14.6.512","volume":"14","author":"M Saeedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saeedi M, et al. Biological aspects and clinical applications of nanoparticles on treatment and prophylaxis of HIV. Iran J Med Microbiol. 2020;14(6):512\u201342.","journal-title":"Iran J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"29","key":"4449_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.05.068","volume":"40","author":"B Wilson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilson B, Geetha KM. Nanomedicine to deliver biological macromolecules for treating COVID-19. Vaccine. 2022;40(29):3931\u201341.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2022.03.008","volume":"4","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, et al. Constructive strategies for drug delivery systems in antivirus disease therapy by biosafety materials. Biosaf Health. 2022;4(3):161\u201370.","journal-title":"Biosaf Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15010327","volume":"15","author":"A Dedeloudi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dedeloudi A, et al. Recent advances in the excipients used in modified release vaginal formulations. Materials. 2022;15(1):327.","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"4449_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1460603","volume":"46","author":"SR Pinto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinto SR, et al. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, transplacental transfer and tissue disposition in pregnant rats mediated by nanoparticles: the case of magnetic core mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46(sup2):527\u201338.","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030774","volume":"15","author":"Y Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia Y, et al. Approved nanomedicine against diseases. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(3):774.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"15","key":"4449_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14153090","volume":"14","author":"L Fotooh Abadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fotooh Abadi L, et al. Novel nanotechnology-based approaches for targeting HIV reservoirs. Polymers. 2022;14(15):3090.","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"4449_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muheem A et al. Importance of P-gp inhibitors and nanoengineered approaches for effective delivery of anti-retroviral drugs across barriers in HIV management. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, 2023: p. 104791.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104791"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300132","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202300132","volume":"4","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Advances in nanocarriers for delivering therapeutic agents against hepatitis B virus. Adv NanoBiomed Res. 2024;4(6):2300132.","journal-title":"Adv NanoBiomed Res"},{"key":"4449_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julien D, Bach H. Current treatments and the future of nanomedicine in hepatitis C. Nanomedicine, 2025:1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2518912"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0648-y","volume":"15","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang W, et al. Dual-targeting nanoparticle vaccine elicits a therapeutic antibody response against chronic hepatitis B. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(5):406\u201316.","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4449_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2019.2862","volume":"15","author":"X Mou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mou X, et al. In-situ mutation detection by magnetic beads-probe based on single base extension and its application in genotyping of hepatitis B virus pre-C region 1896nt locus single nucleotide polymorphisms. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2019;15(12):2393\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Biomed Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"23","key":"4449_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13073","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202103717","volume":"60","author":"X Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo X, et al. Ultrasmall copper (I) sulfide nanoparticles prevent hepatitis B virus infection. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2021;60(23):13073\u201380.","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"issue":"11","key":"4449_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0348","volume":"14","author":"NH Abd Ellah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abd Ellah NH, et al. Nanomedicine as a future therapeutic approach for hepatitis C virus. Nanomedicine. 2019;14(11):1471\u201391.","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"4449_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.08.011","volume":"338","author":"S Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah S, et al. Nanomedicine based approaches for combating viral infections. J Controll Release. 2021;338:80\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Controll Release"},{"key":"4449_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loutfy SA et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: antiviral activity of Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating Curcumin against hepatitis C virus genotype 4a in human hepatoma cell lines. Int J Nanomed, 2020: pp. 2699\u2013715.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S241702"},{"key":"4449_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shady NH et al. Hepatitis c virus ns3 protease and helicase inhibitors from red sea sponge (Amphimedon) species in green synthesized silver nanoparticles assisted by in Silico modeling and metabolic profiling. Int J Nanomed, 2020:3377\u201389.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S233766"},{"key":"4449_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04939-2","volume":"188","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen using terminal Deoxynucleotidyl transferase amplification coupled with DNA nanowires. Microchim Acta. 2021;188:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"4449_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.11.004","volume":"340","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Z, et al. DNA nanotechnology-facilitated ligand manipulation for targeted therapeutics and diagnostics. J Controlled Release. 2021;340:292\u2013307.","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1553786","volume":"47","author":"B Negahdari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Negahdari B, Darvishi M, Saeedi AA. Gold nanoparticles and hepatitis B virus. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019;47(1):455\u201361.","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24631-6","volume":"12","author":"EJ Moon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moon EJ, et al. The HIF target MAFF promotes tumor invasion and metastasis through IL11 and STAT3 signaling. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4308.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"4449_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2017.1356563","volume":"15","author":"NH Kwon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwon NH, et al. Transfer-RNA-mediated enhancement of ribosomal proteins S6 kinases signaling for cell proliferation. RNA Biol. 2018;15(4\u20135):635\u201348.","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"4449_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648005","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.648005","volume":"8","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma A, Kontodimas K, Bosmann M. Nanomedicine: a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to COVID-19. Front Med. 2021;8:648005.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/futurepharmacol2010001","volume":"2","author":"MHMd Nascimento","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nascimento MHMd, de Ara\u00fajo DR. Exploring the Pharmacological potential of glycyrrhizic acid: from therapeutic applications to trends in nanomedicine. Future Pharmacol. 2022;2(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Future Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738507666190829161737","volume":"7","author":"R Kondel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kondel R, et al. Effect of acyclovir solid lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in an animal model of HSV-1 infection. Pharm Nanatechnol. 2019;7(5):389\u2013403.","journal-title":"Pharm Nanatechnol"},{"issue":"21","key":"4449_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0089","volume":"13","author":"A Tavakoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tavakoli A, et al. Polyethylene glycol-coated zinc oxide nanoparticle: an efficient nanoweapon to fight against herpes simplex virus type 1. Nanomedicine. 2018;13(21):2675\u201390.","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2021.3074","volume":"17","author":"O Obisesan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obisesan O, et al. Applications of nanoparticles for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2021;17(5):793\u2013808.","journal-title":"J Biomed Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2174\/2589977512999201124121931","volume":"13","author":"M Akilesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akilesh M, S. and, Wadhwani A. Novel applications of nanotechnology in controlling HIV and HSV infections. Curr Drug Res Rev Former: Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2021;13(2):120\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Res Rev Former: Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"4449_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbarzadeh A et al. An overview application of silver nanoparticles in Inhibition of herpes simplex virus. Artif Cells Nanomedicine Biotechnol. 2018. 46(2): pp. 263\u20137.","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1307208"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2017.1360863","volume":"15","author":"D Lembo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lembo D, et al. Nanomedicine formulations for the delivery of antiviral drugs: a promising solution for the treatment of viral infections. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2018;15(1):93\u2013114.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"4449_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.12.002","volume":"16","author":"M Kopp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kopp M, et al. Induction of herpes simplex virus type 1 cell-to-cell spread inhibiting antibodies by a calcium phosphate nanoparticle-based vaccine. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2019;16:138\u201348.","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0563-4","volume":"26","author":"H Ghaffari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghaffari H, et al. Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: another emerging application of nanomedicine. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4449_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2018.2642","volume":"14","author":"M Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan M, et al. Noninvasive and local delivery of adenoviral-mediated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase to treat glioma through focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening in rats. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2018;14(12):2031\u201341.","journal-title":"J Biomed Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28586","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28586","volume":"95","author":"X Ge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ge X, et al. Rationally designed synthetic vectors for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery against human cytomegalovirus infection. J Med Virol. 2023;95(3):e28586.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"4449_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118965","volume":"278","author":"B Jana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jana B, et al. Chitosan\/benzyloxy-benzaldehyde modified ZnO nano template having optimized and distinct antiviral potency to human cytomegalovirus. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;278:118965.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"4449_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bea.2021.100006","volume":"1","author":"MR Hasan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hasan MR, et al. Analytical methods for detection of human cytomegalovirus clinched biosensor a cutting-edge diagnostic tool. Biomedical Eng Adv. 2021;1:100006.","journal-title":"Biomedical Eng Adv"},{"key":"4449_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelson CS, et al. Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine elicits antibody responses with greater durability and breadth than MF59-adjuvanted gB protein immunization. J Virol. 2020;94(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00186-20.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00186-20"},{"key":"4449_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Streck NT, et al. Human cytomegalovirus utilizes extracellular vesicles to enhance virus spread. J Virol. 2020;94(16). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00609-20.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00609-20"},{"issue":"12","key":"4449_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009169","volume":"16","author":"M Perotti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perotti M, et al. Rationally designed human cytomegalovirus gB nanoparticle vaccine with improved immunogenicity. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16(12):e1009169.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2019.08.006","volume":"24","author":"MJ Rupar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rupar MJ, et al. Human papillomavirus and the use of nanoparticles for immunotherapy in HPV-related cancer: a review. Rep Practical Oncol Radiother. 2019;24(6):544\u201350.","journal-title":"Rep Practical Oncol Radiother"},{"key":"4449_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.044","volume":"134","author":"Q Lv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lv Q, et al. Human papilloma virus DNA-biomarker analysis for cervical cancer: signal enhancement by gold nanoparticle-coupled tetravalent streptavidin-biotin strategy. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;134:354\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4449_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0166","volume":"6","author":"G Galliverti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galliverti G, et al. Nanoparticle conjugation of human papillomavirus 16 E7-long peptides enhances therapeutic vaccine efficacy against solid tumors in mice. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6(11):1301\u201313.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2023.2199037","volume":"51","author":"EP Chizenga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chizenga EP, Abrahamse H. Design and assembly of a nanoparticle, antibody, phthalocyanine scaffold for intracellular delivery of photosensitizer to human papillomavirus-transformed cancer cells. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2023;51(1):205\u201316.","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"14","key":"4449_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7552","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147552","volume":"23","author":"DG Valencia-Res\u00e9ndiz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valencia-Res\u00e9ndiz DG, et al. Non-Functionalized gold nanoparticles inhibit human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7552.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4449_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798727","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.798727","volume":"9","author":"L Pan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pan L, et al. Nanotechnology-based weapons to combat human papillomavirus infection associated diseases. Front Chem. 2021;9:798727.","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"4449_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2020.101019","volume":"36","author":"Z Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang Z, et al. Insights from nanotechnology in COVID-19 treatment. Nano Today. 2021;36:101019.","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0687-4","volume":"15","author":"K Kostarelos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kostarelos K. Nanoscale nights of COVID-19. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(5):343\u20134.","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"4449_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.583842","volume":"8","author":"MI Mitrani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mitrani MI, et al. Case report: administration of amniotic fluid-derived nanoparticles in three severely ill COVID-19 patients. Front Med. 2021;8:242.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"4449_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000979","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000979","volume":"9","author":"E Ruiz-Hitzky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruiz-Hitzky E, et al. Nanotechnology responses to COVID\u201019. Adv Healthc Mater. 2020;9(19):2000979.","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"issue":"11","key":"4449_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1658","volume":"325","author":"EH Adhikari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adhikari EH, Spong CY. COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant and lactating women. JAMA. 2021;325(11):1039\u201340.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04006","volume":"14","author":"G Chauhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chauhan G, et al. Nanotechnology for COVID-19: therapeutics and vaccine research. ACS Nano. 2020;14(7):7760\u201382.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"3","key":"4449_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.12.025","volume":"14","author":"M ElBagoury","year":"2021","unstructured":"ElBagoury M, et al. The find of COVID-19 vaccine: challenges and opportunities. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(3):389\u2013416.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"4449_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11071788","volume":"11","author":"Y Rasmi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rasmi Y, et al. Recent progress in nanotechnology for COVID-19 prevention, diagnostics and treatment. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(7):1788.","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00179","volume":"3","author":"B Surnar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Surnar B, et al. Clinically approved antiviral drug in an orally administrable nanoparticle for COVID-19. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2020;3(6):1371\u201380.","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-022-00425-5","volume":"74","author":"VP Chavda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chavda VP, et al. Recent review of COVID-19 management: Diagnosis, treatment and vaccination. Pharmacol Rep. 2022;74(6):1120\u201348.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-021-01935-z","volume":"13","author":"S Manigandan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manigandan S, Praveenkumar T, Brindhadevi K. A review on role of nitrous oxide nanoparticles, potential vaccine targets, drug, health care and artificial intelligence to combat COVID-19. Appl Nanosci. 2023;13(1):111\u20138.","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"issue":"06","key":"4449_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1726390","volume":"38","author":"D Blumberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blumberg D, et al. COVID-19 vaccine considerations during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Perinatol. 2021;38(06):523\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4449_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01902-2","volume":"19","author":"WF Elkhatib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elkhatib WF, et al. Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting. Virol J. 2022;19(1):1\u201335.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4449_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040359","volume":"9","author":"TTH Thi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thi TTH, et al. Lipid-based nanoparticles in the clinic and clinical trials: from cancer nanomedicine to COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccines. 2021;9(4):359.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"8","key":"4449_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200010","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202200010","volume":"2","author":"V Chandrasekar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chandrasekar V, et al. Perspectives on the technological aspects and biomedical applications of virus-like particles\/nanoparticles in reproductive biology: insights on the medicinal and toxicological outlook. Adv NanoBiomed Res. 2022;2(8):2200010.","journal-title":"Adv NanoBiomed Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4449_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa049","volume":"27","author":"N Pritchard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pritchard N, et al. Nanoparticles in pregnancy: the next frontier in reproductive therapeutics. Hum Reprod Update. 2021;27(2):280\u2013304.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"6","key":"4449_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v11i6.5030","volume":"11","author":"K Chaudhary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaudhary K, Parihar S, Sharma D. A critical review on nanoscience advancement: in treatment of viral infection. J Drug Delivery Ther. 2021;11(6):225\u201337.","journal-title":"J Drug Delivery Ther"},{"issue":"41","key":"4449_CR185","first-page":"2306134","volume":"20","author":"N Chaudhary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaudhary N, Newby AN, Whitehead KA. Non-Viral RNA delivery during pregnancy: opportunities and challenges. Small. 2024;20(41):2306134.","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"41","key":"4449_CR186","first-page":"2303682","volume":"20","author":"D Carter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carter D, et al. Nanomedicine for maternal and fetal health. Small. 2024;20(41):2303682.","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"4449_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson RL et al. Maternal, placental and fetal response to a non-viral, polymetric nanoparticle gene therapy in nonhuman primates. bioRxiv, 2023: p. 2023.06. 16.545278.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.16.545278"},{"issue":"5","key":"4449_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13770","volume":"26","author":"DDC Suriyarachchi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suriyarachchi DDC, Katuwavila NP. Lipid nanoparticles in antiretroviral therapy: a nanotechnology breakthrough for HIV\/AIDS treatment. HIV Med. 2025;26(5):658\u201376.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"4449_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herdiana Y. Nanoparticles of natural product-derived medicines: beyond the pandemic. Heliyon, 2025. 11(4).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42739"}],"container-title":["Discover Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04449-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04449-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04449-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:04:45Z","timestamp":1770044685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04449-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":189,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04449-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-9229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-9229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25"}}