{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T08:11:39Z","timestamp":1779091899174,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discover Nano"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-026-04644-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:37:04Z","timestamp":1779086224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["UV photoluminescence and antimicrobial properties of silver ion modified calcined and non calcined eggshell based substrates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5190-9490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"\u015eensoy G\u00fcn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"4644_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2024.101321","volume":"101","author":"JJP Shini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shini JJP, Prabu HJ, Sahayaraj AF, Johnson I, Thaninayagam E, Gopi RR, Snowlin V. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from eggshells via thermal decomposition method for the application of dye adsorption. J Indian Chem Soc. 2024;101(10):101321.","journal-title":"J Indian Chem Soc"},{"key":"4644_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902568","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.902568","volume":"13","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Chen F, Peng S, Ou Y, He B, Li Y, Lin Q. Effects of Artemisia argyi powder on egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal development of roman laying hens. Front Physiol. 2022;13:902568.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4644_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27682-5","volume":"13","author":"MY Chou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chou MY, Lee TA, Lin YS, Hsu SY, Wang MF, Li PH, Ho JH. On the removal efficiency of copper ions in wastewater using calcined waste eggshells as natural adsorbents. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):437.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4644_CR4","first-page":"36","volume":"67","author":"MG Rinaudo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rinaudo MG, Collins SE, Morales MR. Eggshell waste valorization into CaO\/CaCO3 solid base catalysts. Eng Proceed. 2024;67(1):36.","journal-title":"Eng Proceed"},{"key":"4644_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87786-y","volume":"15","author":"T Kalayc\u0131","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kalayc\u0131 T, Altu\u011f DT, K\u0131nayt\u00fcrk NK, et al. Characterization and potential usage of selected eggshell species. Sci Rep. 2025;15:6241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-87786-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4644_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132267","volume":"287","author":"JI Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee JI, Kim JM, Yoo SC, Jho EH, Lee CG, Park SJ. Restoring phosphorus from water to soil: Using calcined eggshells for P adsorption and subsequent application of the adsorbent as a P fertilizer. Chemosphere. 2022;287:132267.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4644_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.115301","volume":"211","author":"GEDS Dos Santos","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dos Santos GEDS, Oliveira CC, de F\u00e1tima Palhares DDA, de Souza Barrozo MA, Vieira LGM, Hori CE. Waste-to-energy: Kinetic and carbonation-decarbonation studies of solar calcined eggshells and their application as a catalyst in the pyrolysis of brewer\u2019s spent grain. Waste Manag. 2026;211:115301.","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"4644_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13020397","volume":"13","author":"G Anguraj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anguraj G, Ashok Kumar R, Inmozhi C, Uthrakumar R, Elshikh MS, Almutairi SM, Kaviyarasu K. MnO2 doped with Ag nanoparticles and their applications in antimicrobial and photocatalytic reactions. Catalysts. 2023;13(2):397.","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"issue":"2","key":"4644_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/vnl.22184","volume":"31","author":"S Im","year":"2025","unstructured":"Im S, Lee JY, Seo J, Bai J, Jeon MS, Min SC. Effects of Ag ion substitution in zeolite and use of citric acid on the efficacy of antimicrobial properties of EVA-PE composite films. J Vinyl Add Tech. 2025;31(2):487\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Vinyl Add Tech"},{"key":"4644_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132131","volume":"287","author":"S Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang S, Wang F, Cao X, Slater B, Wang R, Sun H, Yao Z. Novel application of ion exchange membranes for preparing effective silver and copper based antibacterial membranes. Chemosphere. 2022;287:132131.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4644_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440065","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1440065","volume":"15","author":"AS Rodrigues","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodrigues AS, Batista JG, Rodrigues M\u00c1, Thipe VC, Minarini LA, Lopes PS, Lug\u00e3o AB. Advances in silver nanoparticles: a comprehensive review on their potential as antimicrobial agents and their mechanisms of action elucidated by proteomics. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1440065.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4644_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9632","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-025-03990-8","volume":"18","author":"B \u015eensoy G\u00fcn","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u015eensoy G\u00fcn B, Aytimur A, Karag\u00f6l \u00c7, et al. Plant-derived Edible nanocomposite films with antimicrobial silver nanoparticles: harnessing quince seed extract for green food preservation. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2025;18:9632\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11947-025-03990-8.","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol"},{"key":"4644_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.03.052","volume":"212","author":"T Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali T, Ahmed A, Alam U, Uddin I, Tripathi P, Muneer M. Enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light. Mater Chem Phys. 2018;212:325\u201335.","journal-title":"Mater Chem Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"4644_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-023-02043-0","volume":"19","author":"YH Khadim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khadim YH, Nayef UM, Mutlak FAH. Synthesis of silver@ gold (core@ shell) nanoparticles deposited on porous silicon for enhanced spectral responsivity. Plasmonics. 2024;19(2):835\u201344.","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"4644_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55975-y","volume":"16","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhong Y, Li T, et al. Sequential addition of cations increases photoluminescence quantum yield of metal nanoclusters near unity. Nat Commun. 2025;16:587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-55975-y.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"4644_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-020-02460-z","volume":"52","author":"ZN Kayani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kayani ZN, Manzoor F, Zafar A, Mahmood M, Rasheed M, Anwar M. Impact of Ag doping on structural, optical, morphological, optical and photoluminescent properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Opt Quant Electron. 2020;52(7):344.","journal-title":"Opt Quant Electron"},{"issue":"10","key":"4644_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c00647","volume":"34","author":"WA Dar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dar WA, Jana A, Sugi KS, Paramasivam G, Bodiuzzaman M, Khatun E, Pradeep T. Molecular engineering of atomically precise silver clusters into 2D and 3D framework solids. Chem Mater. 2022;34(10):4703\u201311.","journal-title":"Chem Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"4644_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4622","volume":"46","author":"T Schmid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmid T, Dariz P. Shedding light onto the spectra of lime: Raman and luminescence bands of CaO, Ca (OH) 2 and CaCO3. J Raman Spectrosc. 2015;46(1):141\u20136.","journal-title":"J Raman Spectrosc"},{"key":"4644_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2024.113685","volume":"172","author":"G Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang G, Zeng D, Wei M, Chen Y, Ma A. Novel g-C3N4@ CaCO3 nanocomposite for excellent methylene blue adsorption and photocatalytic removal under visible light irradiation. Inorg Chem Commun. 2025;172:113685.","journal-title":"Inorg Chem Commun"},{"key":"4644_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal M, Ali M, Haider H, Anwar S, Ahmad S, Jamshed M. Green synthesis and photoluminesce study of Dy doped CaCO3. J Chem 2024; 58\u201367.","DOI":"10.56946\/jce.v3i2.503"},{"key":"4644_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.135430","volume":"703","author":"XW Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu XW, Guan X, Yu H, Yang M, Dong XT, Yang Y. Photocatalytic properties of BiOCl sensitized by photochemical insulator of eggshell derived CaCO3. Colloids Surf A. 2024;703:135430.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A"},{"issue":"5","key":"4644_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-025-00711-8","volume":"38","author":"B \u015eensoy G\u00fcn","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u015eensoy G\u00fcn B, Gurbanov R, Tunal\u0131 B. Biofilm-inhibiting ZnO@ Eggshell nanocomposites: green synthesis, characterization, and biomedical potential. Biometals. 2025;38(5):1447\u201368.","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"4644_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29362-y","volume":"15","author":"B \u015eensoy G\u00fcn","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u015eensoy G\u00fcn B, Aydo\u011fan A, \u00c7ad\u0131rc\u0131 M, et al. Green synthesis of quercetin-mediated ZnS quantum dots and their photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic performances. Sci Rep. 2025;15:45236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-29362-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4644_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.03.021","volume":"152","author":"K Dhanaraj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhanaraj K, Suresh G. Conversion of waste sea shell (Anadara granosa) into valuable nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) for biomedical applications. Vacuum. 2018;152:222\u201330.","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"issue":"1","key":"4644_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.17159\/0379-4350\/2023\/v77a05","volume":"77","author":"RA Alsaiari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsaiari RA, Musa EM, Rizk MA. Effects of calcination temperature of eggshell-derived CaO as a catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. S Afr J Chem. 2023;77(1):30\u20135.","journal-title":"S Afr J Chem"},{"key":"4644_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur AS, Dubey S, Vaish R. Eggshell waste derived CaO as a tribocatalyst for removal of Rhodamine B dye under ambient light and sunlight. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2026;1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-37375-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"4644_CR27","first-page":"261","volume":"17","author":"A Tremel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tremel A, Mench M. Thallium in plants (in French). Agronomie-Sciences des Productions Vegetales et de l\u2019Environnement. 1997;17(5):261\u201370.","journal-title":"Agronomie-Sciences des Productions Vegetales et de l\u2019Environnement"},{"issue":"6","key":"4644_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.3390\/ma6062295","volume":"6","author":"B Reidy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reidy B, Haase A, Luch A, Dawson KA, Lynch I. Mechanisms of silver nanoparticle release, transformation and toxicity: a critical review of current knowledge and recommendations for future studies and applications. Materials. 2013;6(6):2295\u2013350.","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"23","key":"4644_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235531","volume":"29","author":"J Kyziol-Komosinska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kyziol-Komosinska J, Dzieniszewska A, Czupio\u0142 J. Behavior of Silver Species in Soil: Ag Nanoparticles vs. Ionic Ag Molecules. 2024;29(23):5531.","journal-title":"Ionic Ag Molecules"},{"issue":"12","key":"4644_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620181203","volume":"18","author":"NW Adams","year":"1999","unstructured":"Adams NW, Kramer JR. Silver speciation in wastewater effluent, surface waters, and pore waters. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18(12):2667\u201373.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"4644_CR31","first-page":"12","volume":"15","author":"SN Luoma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luoma SN. Silver nanotechnologies and the environment. Project Emerg Nanotech Rep. 2008;15:12\u20133.","journal-title":"Project Emerg Nanotech Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4644_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1021\/es504229h","volume":"49","author":"R Sekine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sekine R, Brunetti G, Donner E, Khaksar M, Vasilev K, J\u00e4mting \u00c5K, Lombi E. Speciation and lability of Ag-, AgCl-, and Ag2S-nanoparticles in soil determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffusive gradients in thin films. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49(2):897\u2013905.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"14\u201315","key":"4644_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4686(97)10121-9","volume":"43","author":"VA Marichev","year":"1998","unstructured":"Marichev VA. The adsorption of hydroxide ions on metals. Electrochim Acta. 1998;43(14\u201315):2203\u201314.","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"4644_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.147112","volume":"529","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Ju W, Yang L, Zhang L, Sun Y. Adsorption behaviors and mechanism of graphene oxide for silver complex anion removal. Appl Surf Sci. 2020;529:147112.","journal-title":"Appl Surf Sci"},{"key":"4644_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2020.105828","volume":"198","author":"L Sellaoui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sellaoui L, Ali J, Badawi M, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Chen Z. Understanding the adsorption mechanism of Ag\u2009+\u2009and Hg2\u2009+\u2009on functionalized layered double hydroxide via statistical physics modeling. Appl Clay Sci. 2020;198:105828.","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"4644_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15145050","volume":"15","author":"W Janusz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Janusz W, Skwarek E, Sydorchuk V, Khalameida S. Adsorption of Ag (I) ions at the zirconium Phosphate\/KNO3 aqueous solution interface. Materials. 2022;15(14):5050.","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"4","key":"4644_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.2c05453","volume":"13","author":"Y Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan Y, Wang F, Li R, Liu C, Fu Q. Surface hydroxyl-determined migration and anchoring of silver on alumina in oxidative redispersion. ACS Catal. 2023;13(4):2277\u201385.","journal-title":"ACS Catal"},{"issue":"12","key":"4644_CR38","first-page":"658","volume":"5","author":"K Dhanaraj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhanaraj K, Kumar CS, Suresh G. Characterization of calcium oxide (CaO) derived from Perna viridis shell waste through solid state reaction. J Appl Sci Comput. 2018;5(12):658\u201365.","journal-title":"J Appl Sci Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"4644_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2023.27288","volume":"35","author":"V Ramasamy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramasamy V, Sathishpriya T, Thenpandiyan E, Suresh G. Fabrication of eco-friendly UV-visible driven Ni: CaCO3 photocatalyst for sustainable environmental remediation. Asian J Chem. 2023;35(3):692\u2013704.","journal-title":"Asian J Chem"},{"key":"4644_CR40","unstructured":"Khan RIA, Ghosh N, Khan AR, Rahman WU, Karmakar B, Rokhum SL, Halder G. Unlocking the efficacy of eggshell-derived CaO@ TiO2 nanocatalyst for intensified green biodiesel production. J Ind Eng Chem. 2025"},{"issue":"24","key":"4644_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12552","DOI":"10.1021\/jp401849e","volume":"117","author":"S Dzwigaj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dzwigaj S, Millot Y, Krafft JM, Popovych N, Kyriienko P. Incorporation of silver atoms into the vacant T-atom sites of the framework of SiBEA zeolite as mononuclear Ag (I) evidenced by XRD, FTIR, NMR, DR UV\u2013vis, XPS, and TPR. J Phys Chem C. 2013;117(24):12552\u20139.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem C"},{"key":"4644_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2015.08.003","volume":"219","author":"C Srilakshmi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Srilakshmi C, Saraf R. Ag-doped hydroxyapatite as efficient adsorbent for removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution: Synthesis, kinetic and equilibrium adsorption isotherm analysis. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2016;219:134\u201344.","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater"},{"issue":"20","key":"4644_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00291D","volume":"3","author":"Y Qiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Mai G, Li Y, Guan R, Han Y, Cui W, He T. Customizing the spatial distribution and release of silver for the antibacterial action via biomineralized self-assembling silver-loaded hydroxyapatite. Mater Adv. 2022;3(20):7595\u2013605.","journal-title":"Mater Adv"},{"key":"4644_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2016.06.056","volume":"135","author":"YA Criado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Criado YA, Alonso M, Abanades JC. Enhancement of a CaO\/Ca (OH) 2 based material for thermochemical energy storage. Sol Energy. 2016;135:800\u20139.","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"4644_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scala F, Chirone R, Salatino P. Attrition phenomena relevant to fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems. Fluidized bed technologies for near-zero emission combustion and gasification. Woodhead Publishing; 2013. pp. 254\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857098801.1.254"},{"issue":"7","key":"4644_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.3390\/en16073019","volume":"16","author":"Y Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng Y, Li X, Wu H, Li C, Zhang M, Yang H. Critical review of Ca (OH) 2\/CaO thermochemical energy storage materials. Energies. 2023;16(7):3019.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"4644_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-022-01208-2","volume":"29","author":"G Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang G, Liu N, Zhang S, et al. Preparation and application of granular bentonite-eggshell composites for heavy metal removal. J Porous Mater. 2022;29:817\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10934-022-01208-2.","journal-title":"J Porous Mater"},{"key":"4644_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126220","volume":"325","author":"YK Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen YK, Sun Y, Wang KQ, Kuang WY, Yan SR, Wang ZH, Lee HS. Utilization of bio-waste eggshell powder as a potential filler material for cement: analyses of zeta potential, hydration and sustainability. Constr Build Mater. 2022;325:126220.","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"4644_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.128451","volume":"641","author":"W Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu W, Chen T, Shao Y, Ye G, Tong X. The flotation separation of molybdenite from talc using zinc sulfate in sodium silicate system and related mechanism. Colloids Surf A. 2022;641:128451.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A"},{"issue":"1","key":"4644_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53704-x","volume":"14","author":"A Noori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Noori A, Hoseinpour M, Kolivand S, Lotfibakhshaiesh N, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Ai J, Azami M. Exploring the various effects of Cu doping in hydroxyapatite nanoparticle. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):3421.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4644_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.09.129","volume":"178","author":"TE K\u00f6se","year":"2011","unstructured":"K\u00f6se TE, K\u0131van\u00e7 B. Adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solutions using calcined waste eggshell. Chem Eng J. 2011;178:34\u20139.","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"4644_CR52","unstructured":"Wei R, Honghi T. Monitoring the free lime content in lime much using zeta potential. 2018"},{"key":"4644_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shojaei SF, Mohammadi H, Foroutan N, Panahandeh S. Potential antifungal effects of calcium oxide\/zinc oxide nanosuspension on mycelial growth of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Ascomycota, Botryosphaeriaceae) Associated With Pistachio Dieback. Environ Microbiol Rep, 2025;17(4):e70144.","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70144"},{"issue":"36","key":"4644_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20131","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA02397B","volume":"8","author":"IB Laskar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laskar IB, Rajkumari K, Gupta R, Chatterjee S, Paul B, Rokhum SL. Waste snail shell derived heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production by the transesterification of soybean oil. RSC Adv. 2018;8(36):20131\u201342.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"4644_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awogbemi O, Inambao F, Onuh EI. (2020). Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications. Heliyon, 6(10).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05283"},{"key":"4644_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzeszczyk, S., Kupka, T., Ka\u0142amarz, A., Sudo\u0142, A., Jurowski, K., Makieieva, N., Wrzalik, R. Characterization of eggshell as limestone replacement and its influence on properties of modified cement.Construction and Building Materials, 2022; 319, 126006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126006"},{"issue":"1","key":"4644_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.29048\/makufebed.1402681","volume":"15","author":"B \u015eensoy G\u00fcn","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u015eensoy G\u00fcn B, Tunal\u0131 B, Gurbanov R. Ye\u015fil Sentez Y\u00f6ntemi ile Althaea officinalis Bitkisi Kullan\u0131larak Elde Edilen Nanokompozitlerin Karakterizasyonu ve Hemolitik Aktivitelerinin De\u011ferlendirilmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi. 2024;15(1):22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29048\/makufebed.1402681.","journal-title":"Mehmet Akif Ersoy \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi"},{"issue":"2","key":"4644_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.115603","volume":"13","author":"S Sreekantan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sreekantan S, Sudhakaran AK, Marimuthu B. Upcycling solid wastes: Using abundant egg shell wastes for the greener production of lactic acid under ambient conditions. J Environ Chem Eng. 2025;13(2):115603.","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"4644_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110962","volume":"271","author":"K Dayanidhi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dayanidhi K, Vadivel P, Jothi S, Eusuff NS. Facile synthesis of Silver@ Eggshell nanocomposite: A heterogeneous catalyst for the removal of heavy metal ions, toxic dyes and microbial contaminants from water. J Environ Manage. 2020;271:110962.","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"4644_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aina, S. T., Kyomuhimbo, H. D., Ramjee, S., Du Plessis, B., Mjimba, V., Maged, A., Brink, H. G. Synthesis and assessment of antimicrobial composites of Ag nanoparticles or AgNO3 and egg shell membranes. Molecules 2023;28(12), 4654.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28124654"},{"issue":"4","key":"4644_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/powders4040031","volume":"4","author":"FSM Luna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luna FSM, Alves AE, Holanda JNF. Evaluating the use of chicken eggshell waste for synthesizing nano-sized calcium aluminate powder by combining high-energy milling and calcination. Powders. 2025;4(4):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/powders4040031.","journal-title":"Powders"},{"key":"4644_CR62","unstructured":"Jing J, Wang X, Ye X, Song Y, Zou H, Sheng Y. (2025). Energy-Transfer-Engineered CaO: Eu2+\/3+, Tb3+, Cl\u2013Phosphor Enabling Enhanced Multicolor Luminescence, White-Light Emission and Optical Thermometry. Inorganic Chemistry."},{"key":"4644_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhou, M., Wang, X., Jing, J., Ye, X., Duan, T., Sheng, Y. (2025). One-pot synthesis, luminescence properties and interfacial energy transfer of CaCO3: Eu3+@SiO2: Tb3\u2009+\u2009phosphor.Ceramics International.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.02.202"},{"issue":"24","key":"4644_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9676","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202610e","volume":"83","author":"N Goswami","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goswami N, Giri A, Bootharaju MS, Xavier PL, Pradeep T, Pal SK. Copper quantum clusters in protein matrix: potential sensor of Pb2\u2009+\u2009ion. Anal Chem. 2011;83(24):9676\u201380.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"4644_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-017-1633-0","volume":"11","author":"L Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu L, Jiang H, Wang X. Design of dual metal ions\/dual amino acids integrated photoluminescent logic gate by high-molecular weight protein-localized Au nanoclusters. Nano Res. 2018;11:311\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12274-017-1633-0.","journal-title":"Nano Res"},{"issue":"47","key":"4644_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28969","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b07370","volume":"123","author":"JS Mohanty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohanty JS, Chaudhari K, Sudhakar C, Pradeep T. Metal-ion-induced luminescence enhancement in protein protected gold clusters. J Phys Chem C. 2019;123(47):28969\u201376.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem C"},{"issue":"14","key":"4644_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145531","volume":"28","author":"SCL Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan SCL, He Z, Wang G, Yu Y, Yang L. Protein-templated metal nanoclusters: Molecular-like hybrids for biosensing, diagnostics and pharmaceutics. Molecules. 2023;28(14):5531.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"4644_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CP04098H","volume":"27","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Medda A, Kalauni D, Patra A. Power-dependent and ultrafast spectroscopic studies of Ag ion-doped colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2025;27(2):971\u20138.","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"issue":"11","key":"4644_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-015-5918-9","volume":"58","author":"L Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun L, Wang Y, Chen W. Synthesis of novel CaCO3\/Ag2CO3\/AgI\/Ag plasmonic photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Sci China Technological Sci. 2015;58(11):1864\u201370.","journal-title":"Sci China Technological Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4644_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s42250-019-00112-8","volume":"3","author":"FS Kodeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kodeh FS, El-Nahhal IM, Elkhair EA, Darwish AH. Synthesis of CaO\u2013Ag-NPs@ CaCO3 nanocomposite via impregnation of aqueous Sol Ag-NPs onto calcined calcium oxalate. Chem Afr. 2020;3(3):679\u201386.","journal-title":"Chem Afr"},{"key":"4644_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mou, Yun & Wang, Hao & Peng, Yang & Jiaxin, Liu & Cheng, Hao & Sun, Qinglei & Chen,Mingxiang. Low temperature enhanced flexible conductive film by Ag flake\/ion composite ink. Mater Design. 2019;186:108339. 10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108339"},{"key":"4644_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127831","volume":"632","author":"F Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou F, Zhu Y, Yang L, Yang DQ, Sacher E. Ag NP catalysis of Cu ions in the preparation of AgCu NPs and the mechanism of their enhanced antibacterial efficacy. Colloids Surf A. 2022;632:127831.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A"},{"key":"4644_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganjali M, Ganjali M, Sereshki SMA, Aghabarari B, Serajion R, Marashi SMB, Ahmadinasab N. (2025). A biocompatible Ag NP\/SA. GL hydrogel for enhanced delivery and sustained release of doxorubicin in cancer treatment. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2025.2581632"},{"issue":"13","key":"4644_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NA00400D","volume":"7","author":"P Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma P, Ganguly M, Doi A. Application of the synergism between eggshells and copper in nanotechnology. Nanoscale Adv. 2025;7(13):3914\u201340.","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv"},{"issue":"3","key":"4644_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030505","volume":"19","author":"LG Calvo","year":"2026","unstructured":"Calvo LG, Corral-Orbe S, Villarino RA, S\u00e1nchez S, de Miguel T. Employment of a resazurin viability-based assay for minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration determination. Pharmaceuticals. 2026;19(3):505.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"2","key":"4644_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020444","volume":"19","author":"A K\u0119dziora","year":"2018","unstructured":"K\u0119dziora A, Speruda M, Krzy\u017cewska E, Rybka J, \u0141ukowiak A, Bugla-P\u0142osko\u0144ska G. Similarities and differences between silver ions and silver in nanoforms as antibacterial agents. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(2):444.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4644_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104165","volume":"80","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H, You Q, Feng X, Zheng C, Zeng X, Xu H. Effective treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection with silver nanoparticles and silver ions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;80:104165.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4644_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2013.1681","volume":"9","author":"A Roy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roy A, Gauri SS, Bhattacharya M, Bhattacharya J. Antimicrobial activity of CaO nanoparticles. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2013;9(9):1570\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biomed Nanotechnol"},{"key":"4644_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110781","volume":"111","author":"S Thanakkasaranee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thanakkasaranee S, Sadeghi K, Lim IJ, Seo J. Effects of incorporating calcined corals as natural antimicrobial agent into active packaging system for milk storage. Mater Sci Eng.: C. 2020;111:110781.","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng. C"},{"key":"4644_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paunova-Krasteva, T., Hemdan, B. A., Dimitrova, P. D., Damyanova, T., El-Feky, A.M., Elbatanony, M. M., El Nahrawy, A. M. (2023). Hybrid chitosan\/CaO-based nanocomposites doped with plant extracts from Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach: evaluation of antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Bionanoscience, 13(1), 88\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-022-01047-0"},{"key":"4644_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107373","volume":"201","author":"ST \u00c7a\u011flayan","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00c7a\u011flayan ST. Combinatory effects of chlorhexidine and azithromycin: Implications for therapeutic potential and mechanistic insights. Microb Pathog. 2025;201:107373.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"4644_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-016-0225-6","volume":"14","author":"S Stankic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stankic S, Suman S, Haque F, Vidic J. Pure and multi metal oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. J Nanobiotechnol. 2016;14(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-016-0225-6.","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"4644_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.08.019","volume":"116","author":"MV Nikolic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nikolic MV, Vasiljevic ZZ, Auger S, Vidic J. Metal oxide nanoparticles for safe active and intelligent food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2021;116:655\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.08.019.","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4644_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37417","volume":"110","author":"Z Niknam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niknam Z, Hosseinzadeh F, Shams F, Fath-Bayati L, Nuoroozi G, Amirabad L, Rasmi Y. Recent advances and challenges in graphene-based nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering application. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2022;110(6):1695\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37417.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res Part A"},{"key":"4644_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Huang, J., Yang, H., Yang, R., Guo, S., Liu, Z., \u2026 Liao, Y. Engineered aggregation-induced emission luminogens-based framework with CO-releasing property for accelerating diabetic wound healing. Chem. Eng J 2025;168981.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.168981"},{"key":"4644_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raja Nandhini R, Joy Prabu H, Thaninayagam E, Gopi RR, Johnson I, Felix Sahayaraj A. (2023). Green synthesis of silver\/iron (Ag\/Fe) and copper\/iron (Cu\/Fe) nanoparticles for cytotoxic investigation on henrietta lacks (HeLa) cancer cell. In International Symposium on Lightweight and Sustainable Polymeric Materials (pp. 79\u201395). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-5567-1_7"},{"key":"4644_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren Z, Niu S, Lv A, Liu X, Mu W, Liu T, Wang Q. Bioinspired photothermal superhydrophobic metamaterial with structured micro-nano crystal arrays for anti\u2010\/de\u2010icing. Adv Mater, 2026;38(6):e16655.","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202516655"},{"issue":"3","key":"4644_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.36922\/ijb.1829","volume":"10","author":"F Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang F, Lin Y, Shen S, Gu Y, Shuai C, Feng P. Polydopamine chelating strontium on graphene oxide enhances the mechanical and osteogenic induction properties of PLLA\/PGA bone scaffold. Int J Bioprinting. 2024;10(3):1829.","journal-title":"Int J Bioprinting"},{"key":"4644_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.128837","volume":"401","author":"A Zhou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhou A, Wu Q, Zhang H, Liu J, Wang C, Chi D, Zhou H. RSM-optimized Mg\/Al-LDH biochar composite for enhanced phosphorus removal: Insights into interlayer structure evolution and adsorption mechanism. J Environ Manage. 2026;401:128837.","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"}],"container-title":["Discover Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04644-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04644-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04644-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T08:03:19Z","timestamp":1779091399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04644-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04644-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-9229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-9229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study does not involve human participants or animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participates"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publications"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"192"}}