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This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a polar extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Geranium wallichianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    D. Don ex Sweet. to evaluate antibacterial activity and Hg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    -sensing. This is the first reported use of\n                    <jats:italic>G. wallichianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a dual reducing and stabilizing agent, enabling a rapid sunlight-assisted synthesis completed within 15\u00a0min. Characterization confirmed successful formation of AgNPs: UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy monitored stability, FT-IR verified functional group interactions, PXRD confirmed the crystalline phase, SEM revealed an average particle size of 26\u00a0nm, and hydrodynamic size and zeta potential were 39\u00a0nm and \u2212\u200928 mV, respectively. Antibacterial activity was assessed using 30\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL AgNPs, 30\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL erythromycin as a positive control, 30\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL plant extract, and DI water as a negative control. All tests were conducted in triplicate and analyzed using one-way ANOVA (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The biogenic AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (20\u00a0mm ZOI),\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (18\u00a0mm ZOI), and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (19\u00a0mm ZOI). The MIC and MBC values ranged from 15 to 30\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, confirming the dose-dependent antibacterial potency. Additionally, AgNPs showed excellent colorimetric response toward Hg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , with a linear detection range of 1\u2013100 \u00b5M and a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.68 \u00b5M. The sensor demonstrated high selectivity and practical applicability in real-water samples. Overall, the unique sunlight-driven synthesis strategy, coupled with the strong antibacterial potential and exceptional Hg\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    selectivity, underscores the novelty and sustainability of\n                    <jats:italic>G. wallichianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated AgNPs as a versatile nanoplatform for biomedical and environmental applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-026-04673-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:15:00Z","timestamp":1780060500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Synthesis of bio-inspired silver nanoparticles using Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet. (Geraniaceae) leaf extract for antibacterial activity and colorimetric detection of Hg2+"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Attia","family":"Khalid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir","family":"Assad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Naeem-ul-Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzia Batool","family":"Laila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalya Marwan","family":"Attallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadi A.","family":"Zakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Alkuwaity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Assad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rao Muhammad Faisal","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Nauman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alevcan","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Alim","family":"Samim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. 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The plant material (\n                      Geranium wallichianum\n                      ) was collected from privately owned land in Nathia Gali, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where it grows naturally. The species is not endangered or protected, and its collection did not require specific permits. All procedures complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"231"}}