{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:38:39Z","timestamp":1786541919746,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kurita Water and Environment Foundation (KWEF) 2023"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discover Nano"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-026-04801-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:08:05Z","timestamp":1786540085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mathematical study on Brinkman type carbon nanofluid flow in channel with bioconvection effect for water treatment applications"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ahmad Qushairi","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Nura\u2019in Nabilah","family":"Noranuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Riduan","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nordin","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharidan","family":"Shafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulkhibri","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dumitru","family":"Vieru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuar","family":"Jamaludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4801_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluiddyn.2005.03.002","volume":"37","author":"NA Hill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hill NA, Pedley TJ. Bioconvection. Fluid Dyn Res. 2005;37(1\u20132):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fluiddyn.2005.03.002.","journal-title":"Fluid Dyn Res"},{"key":"4801_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.06.015","volume":"75","author":"A Alsaedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsaedi A, Razaq A, Hayat T, Khan SA. On bioconvective chemically reactive flow involving applications of magnetohydrodynamic and radiation. Alex Eng J. 2023;75:549\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aej.2023.06.015.","journal-title":"Alex Eng J"},{"key":"4801_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijft.2022.100269","volume":"17","author":"M Habibishandiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Habibishandiz M, Saghir Z, Zahmatkesh I. Thermo-bioconvection performance of nanofluid containing oxytactic microorganisms inside a square porous cavity under constant and periodic temperature boundary conditions. Int J Thermofluids. 2023;17:100269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijft.2022.100269.","journal-title":"Int J Thermofluids"},{"key":"4801_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05832","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Ashraf M, Ali K. Bioconvection due to gyrotactic microbes in a nanofluid flow through a porous medium. Heliyon. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05832.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"4801_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-020-09830-5","volume":"145","author":"S Rana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rana S, Mehmood R, Nadeem S. Bioconvection through interaction of Lorentz force and gyrotactic microorganisms in transverse transportation of rheological fluid. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2021;145:2675\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10973-020-09830-5.","journal-title":"J Therm Anal Calorim"},{"key":"4801_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10867-021-09585-6","volume":"47","author":"A Abbasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbasi A, Zaman A, Arooj S, Khan MI, Khan SU, Farooq W, et al. A bioconvection model for viscoelastic nanofluid confined by tapered asymmetric channel: implicit finite difference simulations. J Biol Phys. 2021;47:499\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10867-021-09585-6.","journal-title":"J Biol Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1515\/nleng-2021-0015","volume":"10","author":"T Hayat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayat T, Ullah I, Muhammad K, Alsaedi A. Gyrotactic microorganism and bio-convection during flow of Prandtl-Eyring nanomaterial. Nonlinear Eng. 2021;10(1):201\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/nleng-2021-0015.","journal-title":"Nonlinear Eng"},{"key":"4801_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02286203.2023.2204209","author":"AM Obalalu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Obalalu AM, Salawu SO, Olayemi OA, Odetunde CB, Akindele AO. Computational study of bioconvection rheological nanofluid flow containing gyrotactic microorganisms: a model for bioengineering nanofluid fuel cells. Int J Model Simulat. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02286203.2023.2204209.","journal-title":"Int J Model Simulat"},{"key":"4801_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17455030.2022.2123115","volume":"35","author":"MB Arain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arain MB, Zeeshan A, Alhodaly MS, Fasheng L, Bhatti MM. Bioconvection nanofluid flow through vertical rigid parallel plates with the application of Arrhenius kinetics: a numerical study. Waves Random Complex Media. 2022;35:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17455030.2022.2123115.","journal-title":"Waves Random Complex Media"},{"key":"4801_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.1065264","volume":"10","author":"A Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan A, Iqbal Z, Ahammad NA, Sidi MO, Elattar S, Awad S, et al. Bioconvection Maxwell nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder influenced by chemically reactive activation energy surrounded by a permeable medium. Front Phys. 2023;10:1065264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphy.2022.1065264.","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.37934\/arfmts.121.1.202213","volume":"121","author":"NI Nima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nima NI, Ferdows M. Investigation of bioconvection in a non-Newtonian fluid flow with different slip effects over a vertical cylinder with suction or injection. J Adv Res Fluid Mech Therm Sci. 2024;121(1):202\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37934\/arfmts.121.1.202213.","journal-title":"J Adv Res Fluid Mech Therm Sci"},{"key":"4801_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17455030.2023.2182456","volume":"36","author":"M Sulaiman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sulaiman M, Fazal F, Alshammari FS, Laouini G. Dynamics of bioconvection radiative MHD flow with gyrotactic microorganisms: an intelligent computation approach. Waves Random Complex Media. 2023;36:1\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17455030.2023.2182456.","journal-title":"Waves Random Complex Media"},{"issue":"33","key":"4801_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984925502094","volume":"39","author":"M Hussain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussain M, Awan AU, Ali B, Ahammad NA, Gepreel KA, Nadeem S. Characterization of thermal buoyancy forces and suction on bioconvective magnetohydrodynamic dusty nanofluid flow over a stretching surface. Mod Phys Lett B. 2025;39(33):2550209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0217984925502094.","journal-title":"Mod Phys Lett B"},{"key":"4801_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hallack DMC, Cavalcante Filho JSDA, Couto P. Implementation of a two-phase simulator based on the Brinkman's equation for Vuggy-Karstified reservoirs. In: Offshore technology conference Brasil, p. D021S026R005. OTC; 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4043\/29776-MS.","DOI":"10.4043\/29776-MS"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.37934\/arnht.15.1.5368","volume":"15","author":"MR Hashim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hashim MR, Ismail Z, Mohamad AQ, Akashah MA, Noranuar WNN, Jiann LY, et al. Mathematical solution for free convection flow of brinkman type fluid in the channel with the effect of accelerated plate. J Adv Res Numer Heat Transf. 2023;15(1):53\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37934\/arnht.15.1.5368.","journal-title":"J Adv Res Numer Heat Transf"},{"key":"4801_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00211-020-01169-1","volume":"147","author":"G Baird","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baird G, B\u00fcrger R, M\u00e9ndez PE, Ruiz-Baier R. Second-order schemes for axisymmetric Navier\u2013Stokes\u2013Brinkman and transport equations modelling water filters. Numer Math. 2021;147:431\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00211-020-01169-1.","journal-title":"Numer Math"},{"issue":"18","key":"4801_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151813287","volume":"15","author":"J Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao J, Zhang H. Comparing Darcy\u2019s law and the Brinkman equation for numerical simulations of saltwater intrusion. Sustainability. 2023;15(18):13287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su151813287.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"4801_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.08.068","volume":"223","author":"F Ali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ali F, Gohar M, Khan I. MHD flow of water-based Brinkman type nanofluid over a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium with variable surface velocity, temperature and concentration. J Mol Liq. 2016;223:412\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.08.068.","journal-title":"J Mol Liq"},{"issue":"35","key":"4801_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.18280\/ijht.35426","volume":"4","author":"F Ali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ali F, Aamina B, Khan I, Sheikh NA, Saqib M. Magnetohydrodynamic flow of brinkman-type engine oil based MoS2-nanofluid in a rotating disk with hall effect. Int J Heat Technol. 2017;4(35):893\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18280\/ijht.35426.","journal-title":"Int J Heat Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78421-z","volume":"11","author":"M Saqib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saqib M, Khan I, Shafie S, Mohamad AQ. Shape effect on MHD flow of time fractional Ferro-Brinkman type nanofluid with ramped heating. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-78421-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4801_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.121065","volume":"232","author":"S Abbas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbas S, Ahmad M, Nazar M, Amjad M, Ali H, Jan AZ. Heat and mass transfer through a vertical channel for the Brinkman fluid using Prabhakar fractional derivative. Appl Therm Eng. 2023;232:121065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.121065.","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"4801_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0151572","author":"FM Allehiany","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allehiany FM, Alqahtani AM, Bilal M, Ali A, Eldin SM. Fractional study of radiative Brinkman-type nanofluid flow across a vertical plate with the effect of Lorentz force and Newtonian heating. AIP Adv. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0151572.","journal-title":"AIP Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8600591","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8600591","volume":"2022","author":"MI Asjad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asjad MI, Ikram MD, Sarwar N, Muhammad T, Sivasankaran S, Subaihi SAA. Analysis of fractional bioconvection with hybrid nanoparticles in Channel flow. Math Problems Eng. 2022;2022(1):8600591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8600591.","journal-title":"Math Problems Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"4801_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1515\/jnet-2020-0010","volume":"45","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang L, Bhatti MM, Ellahi R, Michaelides EE. Oxytactic microorganisms and thermo-bioconvection nanofluid flow over a porous Riga plate with Darcy\u2013Brinkman\u2013Forchheimer medium. J Non-Equilib Thermodyn. 2020;45(3):257\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jnet-2020-0010.","journal-title":"J Non-Equilib Thermodyn"},{"issue":"7","key":"4801_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1166\/jon.2023.2063","volume":"12","author":"SP Geetha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geetha SP, Sivasankaran S, Bhuvaneswari M. Partial slip and cross-diffusion effects on magnetohydrodynamic mixed bioconvection flow in a channel with chemical reaction. J Nanofluids. 2023;12(7):1815\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1166\/jon.2023.2063.","journal-title":"J Nanofluids"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12043-023-02667-1","volume":"98","author":"S Mishra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mishra S, Mondal H, Kundu PK. Unsteady bioconvection microbial nanofluid flow in a revolving vertical cone with chemical reaction. Pramana. 2024;98(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12043-023-02667-1.","journal-title":"Pramana"},{"issue":"19","key":"4801_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math9192514","volume":"9","author":"A Shahid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahid A, Mohamed MS, Bhatti MM, Doranehgard MH. Darcy\u2013Brinkman\u2013Forchheimer model for nano-bioconvection stratified MHD flow through an elastic surface: a successive relaxation approach. Mathematics. 2021;9(19):2514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math9192514.","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"issue":"15","key":"4801_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1080\/01496390600851665","volume":"41","author":"S Islamoglu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Islamoglu S, Yilmaz L, Ozbelge HO. Development of a precipitation based separation scheme for selective removal and recovery of heavy metals from cadmium rich electroplating industry effluents. Sep Sci Technol. 2006;41(15):3367\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01496390600851665.","journal-title":"Sep Sci Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4801_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1081\/SS-120039317","volume":"39","author":"S Verbych","year":"2005","unstructured":"Verbych S, Hilal N, Sorokin G, Leaper M. Ion exchange extraction of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Sep Sci Technol. 2005;39(9):2031\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/SS-120039317.","journal-title":"Sep Sci Technol"},{"issue":"20","key":"4801_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2013.796005","volume":"34","author":"VV Keerthi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keerthi VV, Balasubramanian N. Removal of heavy metals by hybrid electrocoagulation and microfiltration processes. Environ Technol. 2013;34(20):2897\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593330.2013.796005.","journal-title":"Environ Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4801_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1080\/09593332508618366","volume":"25","author":"SE Ghazy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghazy SE, Samra SE, Mahdy AF, El-Morsy SM. Removal of copper (II) from some environmental samples by sorptive-flotation using powderd marble wastes as sorbents and oleic acid as surfactant. Environ Technol. 2004;25(11):1221\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593332508618366.","journal-title":"Environ Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4801_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330409355457","volume":"25","author":"N Meunier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meunier N, Drogui P, Gourvenec C, Mercier G, Hausler R, Blais J-F. Removal of metals in leachate from sewage sludge using electrochemical technology. Environ Technol. 2004;25(2):235\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593330409355457.","journal-title":"Environ Technol"},{"issue":"19","key":"4801_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2012.728737","volume":"33","author":"S Rio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rio S, Martin P. Removal of metal ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto low-cost biosorbent. Environ Technol. 2012;33(19):2211\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593330.2012.728737.","journal-title":"Environ Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4801_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.11.011","volume":"92","author":"F Fu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fu F, Wang Q. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J Environ Manage. 2011;92(3):407\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.11.011.","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"issue":"19","key":"4801_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2016.1267265","volume":"38","author":"MA Mokhter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mokhter MA, Lakard S, Magnenet C, Euvrard M, Lakard B. Preparation of polyelectrolyte-modified membranes for heavy metal ions removal. Environ Technol. 2017;38(19):2476\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593330.2016.1267265.","journal-title":"Environ Technol"},{"issue":"13","key":"4801_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132148","volume":"12","author":"S Boulkhessaim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boulkhessaim S, Gacem A, Khan SH, Amari A, Yadav VK, Harharah HN, et al. Emerging trends in the remediation of persistent organic pollutants using nanomaterials and related processes: a review. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022;12(13):2148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12132148.","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"4801_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11113\/matematika.v39.n3.1509","author":"WNN Noranuar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noranuar WNN, Mohamad AQ, Jiann LY, Shafie S. Heat transfer enhancement of convective casson nanofluid flow by CNTs over exponentially accelerated plate. Matematika. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11113\/matematika.v39.n3.1509.","journal-title":"Matematika"},{"key":"4801_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-024-13472-2","author":"SI Abdelsalam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelsalam SI, Magesh A, Tamizharasi P. Optimizing fluid dynamics: an in-depth study for nano-biomedical applications with a heat source. J Therm Anal Calorimet. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10973-024-13472-2.","journal-title":"J Therm Anal Calorimet"},{"key":"4801_CR39","unstructured":"Noranuar WNIN, Mohamad AQ, Shafie S, Khan I, Ilias MR, Jiann LY. Analysis of heat transfer in non-coaxial rotation of Newtonian carbon nanofluid flow with Magnetohydrodynamics and porosity effects. In: 21st century nanostructured materials: physics, chemistry, classification, and emerging applications in industry, biomedicine, and agriculture, vol 6; 2021, pp. 93\u2013113."},{"key":"4801_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125736","volume":"332","author":"JO Tijani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tijani JO, Abdulkareem AS, Mustapha S, Ndamitso MM, Bada SO, Sagadevan S. Polyethyleneglycol-polyhydroxylbutyrate functionalized carbon nanotubes for industrial electroplating wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol. 2024;332:125736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125736.","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"4801_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khotimah K, Handayani M, Rahmawati N, Tjahjono A, Ristianingrum WD, Prasetyo J, Elena N, Lutfi M. Effect of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes on adsorbents derived from cocoa waste for lead (II) adsorption in aqueous solutions. In: AIP conference proceedings, vol. 3003, no. 1. AIP Publishing; 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0186400.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0186400"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48645-9","volume":"9","author":"M Ramzan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramzan M, Mohammad M, Howari F. Magnetized suspended carbon nanotubes based nanofluid flow with bio-convection and entropy generation past a vertical cone. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):12225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-48645-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"4801_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10100998","volume":"10","author":"Z Shah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shah Z, Alzahrani E, Jawad M, Khan U. Microstructure and inertial characteristics of MHD suspended SWCNTs and MWCNTs based maxwell nanofluid flow with bio-convection and entropy generation past a permeable vertical cone. Coatings. 2020;10(10):998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings10100998.","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62647-2","volume":"14","author":"A Hussain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussain A, Raiz S, Hassan A, Hassan AM, Karamti H, Bogn\u00e1r G. Analysis of Soret and Dufour effects on radiative heat transfer in hybrid bioconvective flow of carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):11970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-62647-2.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4801_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjs.2024.100248","volume":"51","author":"A Hussain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussain A, Raiz S, Hassan A, Elhag SH, Alam MM, Hassan AM, et al. Consequences of higher order chemical reaction on bioconvective carbon nanotubes flow implementing Buongiorno\u2019s model. Kuwait J Sci. 2024;51(3):100248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kjs.2024.100248.","journal-title":"Kuwait J Sci"},{"key":"4801_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b18614","volume-title":"Handbook of porous media","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vafai K, editor. Handbook of porous media. Crc Press; 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/b18614."},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204-023-00354-5","volume":"9","author":"T Dutta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dutta T, Barman A, Bhattacherjee S, Chakraborty J, Dutta T. Antimicrobial silver nanoparticles for water disinfection: a short review on recent advances. Nanotechnol Environ Eng. 2024;9(1):111\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41204-023-00354-5.","journal-title":"Nanotechnol Environ Eng"},{"key":"4801_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-015-0167-5","volume":"7","author":"SM Praveena","year":"2015","unstructured":"Praveena SM, Aris AZ. Application of low-cost materials coated with silver nanoparticle as water filter in Escherichia coli removal. Water Qual Expo Health. 2015;7:617\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12403-015-0167-5.","journal-title":"Water Qual Expo Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"4801_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10483-023-3030-7","volume":"44","author":"SI Abdelsalam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelsalam SI, Zaher AZ. Biomimetic amelioration of zirconium nanoparticles on a rigid substrate over viscous slime\u2014a physiological approach. Appl Math Mech. 2023;44(9):1563\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10483-023-3030-7.","journal-title":"Appl Math Mech"},{"issue":"8","key":"4801_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EW00226D","volume":"8","author":"CHM Hofman-Caris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hofman-Caris CHM, B\u00e4uerlein PS, Siegers WG, Mintenig SM, Messina R, Dekker SC, et al. Removal of nanoparticles (both inorganic nanoparticles and nanoplastics) in drinking water treatment\u2013coagulation\/flocculation\/sedimentation, and sand\/granular activated carbon filtration. Environ Sci Water Res Technol. 2022;8(8):1675\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2EW00226D.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Water Res Technol"},{"key":"4801_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjph.2022.07.008","volume":"79","author":"AU Awan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Awan AU, Majeed S, Ali B, Ali L. Significance of nanoparticles aggregation and Coriolis force on the dynamics of Prandtl nanofluid: the case of rotating flow. Chin J Phys. 2022;79:264\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjph.2022.07.008.","journal-title":"Chin J Phys"},{"key":"4801_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2025.106399s","author":"U Rafique","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rafique U, Nazar M, Abbas S, Elnaggar GR, Arishi A, Abdullaeva B. Investigation of a novel thermal and mass stratification effect on second grade fluid: applications in industrial heat transfer systems. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csite.2025.106399s.","journal-title":"Case Stud Therm Eng"},{"issue":"9","key":"4801_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/abab39","volume":"95","author":"Q Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali Q, Riaz S, Awan AU. Free convection MHD flow of viscous fluid by means of damped shear and thermal flux in a vertical circular tube. Phys Scr. 2020;95(9):095212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1402-4896\/abab39.","journal-title":"Phys Scr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4801_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/mma.10326","volume":"48","author":"S Abbas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abbas S, Nazar M. Fractional analysis of unsteady magnetohydrodynamics Jeffrey flow over an infinite vertical plate in the presence of Hall current. Math Methods Appl Sci. 2025;48(1):253\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mma.10326.","journal-title":"Math Methods Appl Sci"},{"key":"4801_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109355","volume":"207","author":"S Abbas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abbas S, Nisa ZU, Nazar M, Metwally ASM, K\u0119dzia K, Jan AZ, et al. Effect of chemical reaction on MHD Casson natural convection flow over an oscillating plate in porous media using Caputo fractional derivative. Int J Therm Sci. 2025;207:109355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109355.","journal-title":"Int J Therm Sci"},{"key":"4801_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2025.106164","volume":"71","author":"M Ramzan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ramzan M, Shafique A, Abbas S, Ali R, Lamoudan T, Jan R, et al. Mathematical analysis of Prandtl number with artificial neural network and fractional operator for nanofluid flow. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2025;71:106164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csite.2025.106164.","journal-title":"Case Stud Therm Eng"}],"container-title":["Discover Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04801-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04801-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04801-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:08:08Z","timestamp":1786540088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04801-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-026-04801-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-9229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-9229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study does not involve human participants or animals; therefore, ethical approval is not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors acknowledge the use of AI tools, specifically ChatGPT online, for grammar checking support, without altering the structure or content of the research, which was entirely produced by the authors.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of artificial intelligence tools","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"392"}}